Blood test in cats: explanation and reason. Blood test for a cat, interpretation of the blood test

There was talk about removing leukocyte formula, But this analysis cannot give a complete picture of what is happening in the cat’s body. Therefore, sometimes you have to resort to the services of chemists. A biochemical blood test allows you to assess your condition water-salt balance, determine the functioning of organs and systems, check metabolism, find out about existing errors in nutrition and establish the cause of some pathologies.


Indicators and their interpretation

Squirrels

Total protein(albumin and globulin). Protein - structural unit any living organism, without it normal life activity is impossible. The amino acids that make up protein are involved in metabolic processes, transportation of substances, perform protective function etc.

Albumen– participates in the transfer of substances and maintains balance in the body, is a kind of indicator of the functioning of the liver and kidneys.

  • Normal: 25-39 g/l.
  • Above normal: more common with dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea, burns).
  • Below normal: hunger, cirrhosis, intestinal diseases when absorption function is impaired, intoxication.

Products of exchange

Bilirubin– a pigment toxic to cells, formed in the spleen (indirect) from decayed red blood cells; in the liver it is neutralized to harmless (direct) bilirubin and excreted from the body with bile. Determining the indicator helps to judge the functioning of liver cells.

Direct bilirubin- a pigment associated with glucuronic acid, which is already excreted from the body by the kidneys.

  • Normal: 0-5.1 µm/l.
  • Above normal: indicates a hidden one, which has not yet manifested itself externally, that is, is absent characteristic jaundice; indicates the presence of stones in gallbladder, possible oncology in the liver or gall, degeneration of liver cells.

Creatinine– the final product of protein metabolism in muscles associated with energy production; It is toxic and is therefore excreted from the body by the kidneys.

  • Norm: 130 µm/l.
  • Above normal: kidney dysfunction, disease thyroid gland, poisoning, muscle destruction.
  • Below normal: pregnancy, decline muscle mass due to age-related changes, possible development oncology or cirrhosis of the liver.

Urea – residual nitrogen, formed during the breakdown of protein, is excreted by the kidneys. This indicator is used to judge the functioning of the kidneys, liver (where urea is formed) and muscles (where protein breakdown occurs).

  • Normal: 5-11 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: dehydration, bleeding in the intestines, necrotic changes, kidney disease, prostatitis, ureteral obstruction, stones bladder, overuse protein, presence of burns, heart disease.
  • Below normal: insufficient intake protein, pregnancy, impaired absorption function in the intestines.

Enzymes

Alkaline phosphatase– an enzyme (renal, bone, placental, hepatic intestinal), indicating the nature of phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

  • Norm: 5-55 U/l.
  • Above normal: pregnancy, changes occurring in the bones (bone fusion, rickets, oncology, etc.), problems with the liver and bile ducts.
  • Below normal: thyroid disease, anemia, vitamin deficiency C and B.

Amylase – digestive enzyme pancreas, which reflects the correct functioning of this organ. To a lesser extent, it helps determine the severity of liver disease. The analysis determines total amylase and pancreatic amylase.

  • Norm: 500-1200 U/l.
  • Above normal: inflammatory process in the pancreas, diabetes, inflammation of the abdominal wall.
  • Below normal: poor work pancreas.

Lipase- another indicator normal operation pancreas; an enzyme involved in the breakdown of fats in digestive tract, energy metabolism substances and the absorption of certain vitamins.

  • Normal: less than 50 U/l.
  • Above normal: pancreatitis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, stomach ulcer, peritonitis.
  • Below normal: oncology, serious violations of feeding rules, when fats predominate in the diet, chronic form pancreatitis.

ALT(alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme that takes part in the metabolism of amino acids, is a source of energy for nerves, promotes the development of immunity and the production of lymphocytes. Contained in the heart and skeletal muscles, liver.

  • Norm: 8.3-52.5 U/l.
  • Above normal: cirrhosis, jaundice, liver cancer, muscle disease, liver intoxication.

AST(aspartate aminotransferase) is another enzyme that takes an active part in protein metabolism. There is a lot of it in the liver, muscles, heart, nerve cells. Released into the blood during severe pathological processes any etiology.

  • Norm: 9.2-39.5 U/l.
  • Above normal: liver cell destruction, heart disease, heat stroke.

When making a diagnosis, it is very important to take into account the proportions of AST and ALT, so if it is more than one, then the increase is associated with a disturbance in the functioning of the heart, but if it is less than one, then the liver suffers.

GGT(gamma-glutamyltransferase) is an amino acid transport enzyme, a kind of marker indicating a violation of the outflow of bile. The analysis is carried out if there is suspicion of bad job liver on background apathetic state, constant vomiting and diarrhea.

  • Norm: 1-8 U/l.
  • Above normal: liver disease, diabetes mellitus, pancreatitis, overactive thyroid gland.

Other indicators

Glucose– energy depot of the whole body. The higher the physical and emotional load, the more this substance is needed. The supply of glucose is especially important during recovery from illness, during growth and puberty. Large amounts of carbohydrate are absorbed by the heart, brain, and muscles. The conductor of glucose to cells is the hormone insulin, produced in the pancreas, and adrenal corticosteroids “monitor” the concentration, neutralizing excess insulin if necessary.

  • Normal: 4.3-7.3 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: diabetes mellitus, stress, thyroid dysfunction, increased cortisol levels, diseases of the pancreas, kidneys and liver.
  • Below normal: fasting, increased insulin concentration, disruption of the pancreatic cells that produce insulin, oncology, disruption endocrine glands, heavy metal intoxication.

Acid phosphatase- a marker of prostate cancer, and also indicates metastasis of all types of tumors into bone tissue or impaired hematopoiesis.

Normal: less than 50 U/l.

Cholesterol- fat that is part of the cell membrane, maintaining its strength. Necessary for hormone synthesis bile acids, without it it is impossible to regulate water and carbohydrate metabolism and the formation of vitamin D in the skin, which also helps to absorb calcium. Excess cholesterol is deposited in blood vessels, which promotes the formation of blood clots.

  • Normal: 1.6-3.9 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: dysfunction of the liver, thyroid gland, vascular disease, obesity.
  • Below normal: cirrhosis, oncology, unbalanced diet.


Evaluation of electrolytic properties

This group includes tests for potassium, sodium and chlorides - ions that support normal functioning any cell, they are already involved in nerve conduction. In case of violation quantitative composition of these elements, cells begin to die because they cannot adequately respond to commands nervous system, cease to participate in metabolic processes.

Potassium.

  • Normal: 4.1-5.4 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: starvation, destruction blood cells, presence of injuries, lack of water in the body, impaired kidney function.
  • Below normal: violation renal function, adrenal hypofunction, long-term administration of cortisone.

Sodium.

  • Normal: 144-154 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: dysregulation water-salt metabolism due to a malfunction of the hypothalamus, coma.
  • Below normal: long-term use diuretics, kidney disease, liver cell degeneration, swelling.

Chlorides.

  • Normal: 107-129 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: dehydration, renal failure, adrenal hyperfunction.
  • Below normal: diarrhea, vomiting.

Calcium – chemical element who participates in the transmission nerve impulse. It has important in muscle contraction, participates in blood clotting processes, and is the basis of teeth and bones. The amount is regulated by a special hormone.

  • Normal: 2.0-2.7 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: hyperfunction parathyroid gland, bone tumors, hypervitaminosis D, insufficient intake of water into the body.
  • Below normal: vitamin D deficiency, kidney failure.

Organic phosphorus– a structural unit of nucleic acids, part of bones and adenosine triphosphate (one of the energy sources).

  • Normal: 1.1-2.3 mmol/l.
  • Above normal: bone cancer, excess vitamin D, fracture healing, renal failure.
  • Below normal: vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, vomiting, insufficient intestinal absorption function.

In conclusion, I would like to say that it is problematic for a non-professional to evaluate the results of tests, since he does not have sufficient experience and knowledge in the mechanism of development of certain pathologies. Therefore, it is better to entrust the decoding to a specialist who has already “eaten the cat.”

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A general blood test in cats is one of the mandatory studies to determine the state of the animal’s body, timely detection diseases of various nature. Tests are carried out in laboratories at specialized veterinary clinics; your pet’s attending physician is primarily responsible for decoding. At the same time, you can play it safe and try to understand on your own what the numbers in the summary say. This information will help you have a more productive conversation with your veterinarian and, if necessary, guide him to make the correct diagnosis.

Interpretation of clinical blood test indicators

Let’s take a closer look at what each substance is responsible for and what to look for when interpreting tests in cats.

Hematocrit (HCT). Norm - 24-26%

An increased number indicates a likely increase in the level of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), dehydration, the development of diabetes in the animal, and a decrease in plasma volume in the blood.

A decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia, chronic inflammation of one of the organs, cat starvation, the presence of cancer or internal infusion.

Hemoglobin (HGB). Norm - 80-150 g/l

An elevated hemoglobin level may indicate erythrocytosis or dehydration.

A reading below 80 g/l is a sign of one of several disorders, such as anemia, obvious or hidden blood loss, poisoning, or damage to the hematopoietic organs.

White blood cells (WBC). Norm - 5.5-18.0*109/l

Exceeding the norm: leukemia, development of bacterial infections or inflammatory processes, oncology.

Decreased normal: virus, lesion bone marrow, damage to the body due to radioactive radiation.

Red blood cells (RGB). Norm - 5.3-10*10 12 /l

An increased level of red blood cells means the development of erythrocytosis in the body, lack of oxygen, and dehydration of the body. In some cases, it indicates kidney and liver diseases.

A low red blood cell count indicates blood loss (hidden or obvious), anemia, and the presence of chronic inflammation in the body. May appear in the last stages of pregnancy.


Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Norm - 0-13 mm/h

An increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate clearly indicates a heart attack, the development of cancer, liver and kidney diseases, animal poisoning, in a state of shock. In some cases, it can occur during pregnancy.

Decreased performance in in this case does not exist.

Neutrophils. The norm for rods is 0-3% of WBC, for segmented ones - 35-75% of WBC

With increased content, we can talk about the development acute inflammation(including purulent), leukemia, tissue breakdown due to tumors or poisoning.

If the level of neutrophils is low, then most likely we are dealing with fungal diseases, damage to bone marrow tissue, anaphylactic shock in an animal.

Important: the first step to diagnosing diseases is testing.

Eosinophils. Normal - 0-4% of WBC

Take a closer look at your pet: does he have any food allergies or intolerances? medical supplies? This is exactly what it says increased level eosinophils. Considering that the minimum threshold of this substance is 0% of WBC, then reduced amount can not be.


Monocytes. Normal - 1-4% of WBC

An increase in monocytes in the blood often occurs against the background of the development of fungus in the body (incl. viral in nature), as well as protozoal diseases, tuberculosis, enteritis.

An indicator below normal occurs against the background of aplastic anemia or when taking corticosteroid drugs.

Lymphocytes. Normal - 20-55% of WBC

Increased: leukemia, toxoplasmosis, viral infection.

Downgrade: Availability malignant tumor, immunodeficiency of the body, pancytopenia, kidney and/or liver damage.

Platelets (PLT). Norm - 300-630*10 9 /l

Exceeding the norm often indicates bleeding, a tumor (benign or malignant), the presence chronic inflammation. Often the platelet level increases after surgery or against the background of corticosteroids.

A low platelet count indicates infection or bone marrow disease. However, in veterinary practice There are cases when a low number of platelets in the blood is normal.

Biochemical blood test: interpretation

Using a biochemical blood test, you can determine the quality of functioning internal organs. The objects of research are enzymes and substrates.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Norm - 19-79 units.

Increased content may indicate destruction of liver cells, hepatitis, liver tumors, burns and poisoning, as well as deterioration of elasticity muscle tissue in the animal's body.

A decrease in ALT levels, as a rule, does not have diagnostic value. That is, if you see an indicator below 19 in the analysis, do not rush to panic.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The norm is 9-30 units.

Often the norm is exceeded in case of liver disease, damage to the heart muscle or stroke. However, this can be seen not only from the analysis, but also from a visual inspection. If everything is normal with the cat, then most likely it has damaged its muscles. Reduced rate usually does not play a role in diagnosing the disease.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Norm - 150-798 units.

It increases due to a heart attack or stroke, as well as against the background of muscle injuries, poisoning or coma. A reduced indicator does not affect the diagnostic breakdown.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The norm for adults is 39-55 units.

Increased levels of phosphatase in in good condition The appearance of an animal may indicate pregnancy or the healing of previously occurring fractures. In the presence of related symptoms, it often signals tumors in the bone tissue, blockage of the bile ducts or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

A reduced indicator indicates the development of anemia, hypothyroidism, and acute lack of vitamin C.

Alpha amylase. Norm - 580-1600 units.

Alpha-amylase tends to increase due to diabetes, as well as with lesions of the pancreas, renal failure or intestinal volvulus. If the indicator is below normal, then the cat is likely developing pancreatic insufficiency, which also does not bode well.

Glucose. Normal - 3.3-6.3 mmol/l

Almost always, an increase in glucose levels indicates diabetes in a cat or diseases of the pancreas. Glucose often increases due to stress or shock. IN in rare cases is one of the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome.

A decrease in glucose indicates malnutrition, poisoning or tumors.

Total bilirubin. Normal - 3.0-12 mmol/l

In 99% of cases, bilirubin increases due to liver disease (most often hepatitis) and blockage of the bile ducts. The destruction of blood cells is also possible, which is also indicated by an increase in bilirubin.

If the level of this substance in the blood is reduced, then your pet may have anemia or bone marrow disease.

Urea. Normal - 5.4-12.0 mmol/l

Did you see that the urea content in the tests exceeded the norm? Be prepared for the vet to indicate kidney failure or intoxication in the body. However, most often this indicator grows on the background of a diet rich in proteins, as well as stress state animal. Low urea content, as a rule, indicates a lack of protein in food.

Cholesterol. 2-6 mmol/l

As in humans, an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood of an animal occurs against the background of developing atherosclerosis. In some cases increased rate is a consequence of liver disease or hypothyroidism. Against, reduced level cholesterol indicates starvation or neoplasms of various natures.

To put accurate diagnosis, the veterinarian usually looks at the results in aggregate. And if the same disease is traced by several indicators at once, it is diagnosed after additional research(X-ray, ultrasound, palpation, etc.).

Almost all infectious and invasive diseases of cats are diagnosed using a blood test from the cat. General and biochemical examination can be indicative for a variety of diseases.

Only veterinarians can correctly evaluate the results obtained from the laboratory, because it is necessary to look at several indicators as a whole. However, nothing prevents you from making a preliminary diagnosis yourself.

In what cases is a blood test needed?

If you've recently changed your pet's diet, a blood test can show whether it suits your cat. Even natural food may cause digestive problems in the animal. In 95% of cases, independently selected food is not suitable for the animal. Therefore, it is worth undergoing research and taking a consultation with a professional veterinarian.

In addition, this study is simply necessary to clarify the preliminary diagnosis. After all, even vomiting in a cat can be a sign of either a banal indigestion or a serious infection.

What can a biochemical blood test show?

Can tell you a lot biochemical analysis blood in cats, the decoding of which is a very long and complex matter. Many pets have a tendency to urolithiasis, so every veterinarian looks at the calcium to phosphorus ratio at the beginning.

If calcium is elevated, then you can suspect that your cat has:

  • certain types of cancer;
  • kidney disease;
  • pathology of the parathyroid gland;
  • poisoning that caused complications on the excretory system.

If the phosphorus norm is seriously exceeded, one can also talk about kidney damage. The result of a slipper can also be evidence of diseases of the digestive system. Most often, a cat with an unsatisfactory result for the amount of phosphorus is hospitalized. If creatinine also increases, then we can talk about kidney pathology without additional research.


Also, biochemical analysis can be effective in cases of suspected liver disease. Similar to humans, a cat suffering from liver problems will have elevated bilirubin. This is not always a sign of hepatitis; often excess of the norm appears due to stagnation of bile or anemia. In the latter case, it is necessary to conduct two studies - general and biochemical.

With pancreatitis in cats, lipase and amylase increase. Also, the levels of these substances may exceed the norm during treatment with certain types of medications or in pathology digestive system. If lipase, phosphorus and calcium are outside the normal range, then the cat’s disease is associated with kidney pathology.

Cats often develop diabetes mellitus or Cushing's syndrome. In these diseases, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol levels go beyond normal limits. If the veterinarian suspects a malfunction of the liver, then a reduced glucose level can confirm his words.

Most dangerous sharp changes levels of glucose in the cat's blood, they can lead to coma or even death. If the content of this substance is lower or higher than normal, then the analysis will have to be carried out again under other conditions, for example, after the cat has had enough.

Features of deciphering a general blood test

If the veterinarian decides to conduct a clinical blood test in cats, decoding will be needed to determine the nature of the disease - whether there are inflammatory processes, whether the blood supply is impaired, or whether allergic reactions are present.


Hemoglobin and hematocrit decrease with acute intoxication body and anemia. To find out exactly the reason for the change in these indicators, the veterinarian will also focus on other values ​​that can be shown clinical trial animal blood.

If a general blood test was performed, decoding it is important to identify the characteristics of the course of the disease. One of the most important indicators, for example, is ESR. To explain this acronym, it refers to the rate at which red blood cells precipitate.

ESR increases with:

  • oncological diseases;
  • kidney pathologies;
  • with a heart attack;
  • during cat pregnancy;
  • after surgical interventions.

If the vet suspects cancer or kidney failure, then he additionally prescribes a biochemical blood test.

Another type of additional laboratory research, is the preparation of the leukocyte formula. It can be carried out within general analysis blood, if hidden inflammatory processes are suspected.

If they are really present in the cat’s body, then the number of stab (immature forms of leukocytes) in the blood will increase. Also, the leukocyte formula can show an allergy, with this disease the number of eosinophils increases.

According to clinical analysis they study shaped elements blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets). Thanks to this analysis it is possible to determine general condition animal health.

Red blood cells

Red blood cells: Normally, the number of red blood cells is: in dogs 5.2-8.4 * 10^12,
in cats 4.6-10.1 *10^12 per liter of blood. There can be either a lack of red blood cells in the blood or an increase in their number.

1) Lack of red blood cells in the blood is called erythropenia.

Erythropenia can be absolute or relative.

1.Absolute erythropenia- violation of the synthesis of red blood cells, their active destruction, or large blood loss.
2.Relative erythropenia– this is a decrease percentage red blood cells in the blood due to the fact that the blood thins. Typically, this picture is observed when, for some reason, a large number of fluids into the bloodstream. The total number of red blood cells in this condition in the body remains normal.

IN clinical practice most common next classification anemia:

  • Iron deficiency
  • Aplastic
  • Megaloblastic
  • Sideroblastic
  • Chronic diseases
  • Hemolytic
  1. Anemia due to increased destruction of red blood cells
    a. Aplastic anemia - disease of the hematopoietic system, expressed in a sharp inhibition or cessation of growth and maturation of cells in the bone marrow.
    b. Iron-deficiency anemia seen as a symptom of another disease or condition rather than separate disease and occurs when the body has insufficient iron reserves.
    c. Megaloblastic anemia - rare disease, caused by impaired absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid.
    d. Sideroblastic anemia– with this anemia, the animal’s body has enough iron, but the body is not able to use this iron to produce hemoglobin, which is needed to deliver oxygen to all tissues and organs. As a result, iron begins to accumulate in red blood cells.

2) Erythrocytosis

1. Absolute erythrocytosis– increase in the number of red blood cells in the body. This picture is observed in sick animals with chronic diseases heart and lungs.

2. Relative erythrocytosis– observed when the total number of red blood cells in the body is not increased, but due to blood thickening, the percentage of red blood cells per unit volume of blood increases. Blood becomes thicker when the body loses a lot of water.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobinis part of red blood cells and serves to transport gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) with blood.

Normal amount of hemoglobin: in dogs 110-170 g/l and in cats 80-170 g/l

1. A reduced hemoglobin content in red blood cells indicates

anemia.

2. Increased hemoglobin levels may be associated with diseases

blood or increased hematopoiesis in the bone marrow with some

diseases: - chronic bronchitis,

Bronchial asthma,

Congenital or acquired heart defects,

Polycystic kidney disease and others, as well as after taking certain medications, for example,

steroid hormones.

Hematocrit

Hematocritshows percentage plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and

platelets) blood.

1. An increased content of formed elements is observed during dehydration of the body (vomiting, diarrhea) and

some diseases.

2. A decrease in the number of blood cells is observed with an increase in circulating blood - this

may occur with edema and when a large amount of fluid enters the blood.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

The normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate in dogs and cats is 2-6 mm per hour.

1. Faster sedimentation is observed in inflammatory processes, anemia and some other diseases.

2. Slow sedimentation of erythrocytes occurs with an increase in their concentration in the blood; with an increase in bile

pigments in the blood, which indicates liver disease.

Leukocytes

In dogs, the normal number of leukocytes is from 8.5-10.5 * 10^9 / l of blood, in cats it is 6.5-18.5 * 10^9 / l. There are several types of leukocytes in an animal's blood. And in order to clarify the state of the body, the leukocyte formula is derived - percentage ratio different forms leukocytes.

1) Leukocytosis– increase in the content of leukocytes in the blood.
1. Physiological leukocytosis - an increase in the number of leukocytes by a little and not for long, usually due to the entry of leukocytes into the blood from the spleen, bone marrow and lungs during food intake and physical activity.
2. Medication (protein-containing serum preparations, vaccines, antipyretic drugs, ether-containing drugs).
3.Pregnant
4.Newborns (14 days of life)
5. Reactive (true) leukocytosis develops during infectious and inflammatory processes, this occurs due to the increased production of leukocytes by the hematopoietic organs

2) Leukopenia– this is a decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood, develops when viral infections and exhaustion, with bone marrow lesions. Typically, a decrease in the number of leukocytes is associated with a violation of their production and leads to a deterioration of immunity.

Leukogram- percentage various forms leukocytes (eosinophils; monocytes; basophils; myelocytes; young; neutrophils: band, segmented; lymphocytes)

Eoz

Mon

Baz

Mie

Yun

Pal

Seg

Lymph

Cats

2-8

1-5

0-1

0

0

3-9

40-50

36-50

Dogs

3-9

1-5

0-1

0

0

1-6

43-71

21-40


1.Eosinophils are phagocytic cells that absorb antigen-antibody immune complexes (mainly immunoglobulin E). In dogs, the norm is 3-9%, in cats 2-8%.


1.1.Eosinophilia is an increase in the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood, which may be due to stimulation of the process of proliferation of the eosinophilic hematopoietic lineage under the influence of the formed immune complexes antigen-antibody and in diseases accompanied by autoimmune processes in organism.

1.2. Eosinopenia is a decrease or complete absence eosinophils in peripheral blood. Eosinopenia is observed in infectious and inflammatory purulent processes in organism.

2.1.Monocytosis - an increase in the content of monocytes in the blood most often occurs when

A) infectious diseases: toxoplasmosis, brucellosis;
b)high monocytes in the blood are one of the laboratory signs severely leaking infectious processes-sepsis, subacute endocarditis, some forms of leukemia (acute monocytic leukemia),
c) also malignant diseases lymphatic system- lymphogranulomatosis, lymphomas.

2.2.Monocytopenia- a decrease in the number of monocytes in the blood and even their absence can be observed with damage to the bone marrow with a decrease in its function (aplastic anemia, B12 deficiency anemia).

3.Basophils filled with granules that contain various mediators that, when released in the surrounding tissue, cause inflammation. Basophil granules contain large amounts of serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes. It also contains heparin, thanks to which basophils are able to regulate blood clotting. Normally, cats and dogs have 0-1% basophils in the leukogram.

3.1.Basophilia- this is an increase in the content of basophils in the peripheral blood, noted when:

a) decreased thyroid function,
b) diseases of the blood system,
c) allergic conditions.

3.2.Basopenia- this decrease in the content of basophils in the peripheral blood is observed when:
a) acute pneumonia,
b) acute infections,
c) Cushing's syndrome,
d)stressful influences,
e)pregnancy,
f) increased thyroid function.

4.Myelocytes and metamyelocytes– precursors of leukocytes with a segmental nucleus (neutrophils). They are localized in the bone marrow and therefore are normal when clinical analysis blood are not detected. Appearance
precursors of neutrophils in a clinical blood test is called a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left and can be observed when various diseases accompanied by absolute leukocytosis. High quantitative indicatorsmyelocytes and metamyelocytes observed in myeloid leukemia. Their main function is protection against infections through chemotaxis (directed movement towards stimulating agents) and phagocytosis (absorption and digestion) of foreign microorganisms.

5. Neutrophils as well as eosinophils and basophils, belong to granulocytic blood cells, since characteristic feature These blood cells are characterized by the presence of grains (granules) in the cytoplasm. Neutrophil granules contain lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, neutral and acid hydrolases, cationic proteins, lactoferrin, collagenase, aminopeptidase. It is thanks to the contents of the granules that neutrophils perform their functions.

5.1. Neutrophilia-increase in the number of neutrophils (band neutrophils are normal in dogs 1-6%, in cats 3-9%; segmented neutrophils in dogs 49-71%, in cats 40-50%) in the blood.

The main reason for the increase in neutrophils in the blood is the inflammatory process in the body, especially during purulent processes. By increasing the content of the absolute number of neutrophils in the blood during the inflammatory process, one can indirectly judge the extent of inflammation and the adequacy of the immune response to the inflammatory process in the body.

5.2.Neutropenia- decrease in the number of neutrophils in peripheral blood. The reason for the decrease in neutrophils there may be depression in peripheral blood bone marrow hematopoiesis organic or functional nature, increased destruction of neutrophils, exhaustion of the body against the background of long-term diseases.

Neutropenia most often occurs when:

a) Viral infections, some bacterial infections(brucellosis), rickettsial infections, protozoal infections (toxoplasmosis).

b) Inflammatory diseases that occur in severe form and acquire the character of a generalized infection.

c) Side effects some medications (cytostatics, sulfonamides, analgesics, etc.)

d) Hypoplastic and aplastic anemia.

e) Hypersplenism.

f) Agranulocytosis.

g) Severe body weight deficiency with the development of cachexia.

6.Lymphocytes- these are the formed elements of blood, one of the types of leukocytes that are part of the immune system. Their function is to circulate in the blood and tissues to ensure immune defense, directed against foreign agents penetrating the body. In dogs, the normal leukogram is 21-40%, in cats 36-50%

6.1.Lymphocytosis - this increase in the number of lymphocytes is usually observed during viral infections, purulent inflammatory diseases.
1.Relative lymphocytosis called an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes in leukocyte formula at their normal absolute value in the blood.

2.Absolute lymphocytosis, unlike relative, is connected With an increase in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood and occurs in diseases and pathological conditions, accompanied by increased stimulation of lymphopoiesis.

An increase in lymphocytes is most often absolute in nature and occurs when the following diseases and pathological conditions:

a) Viral infections,

b) Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia,

c) Lymphosarcoma,

d) Hyperthyroidism.

6.2.Lymphocytopenia- decrease in lymphocytes in the blood.

Lymphocytopenia, as well as lymphocytosis, is divided into relative and absolute.

1.Relative lymphocytopenia - this is a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes in the leukoformula when normal level the total number of lymphocytes in the blood, it can occur in inflammatory diseases accompanied by an increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood, for example, in pneumonia or purulent inflammation.

2.Absolutelymphocytopenia - This is a decrease in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood. Occurs in diseases and pathological conditions accompanied by inhibition of the lymphocytic germ of hematopoiesis or all germs of hematopoiesis (pancytopenia). Lymphocytopenia also occurs with increased death of lymphocytes.

Platelets

Platelets are essential for blood clotting. Tests may show an increase in platelet counts - this is possible with some diseases or increased activity bone marrow. There may be a decrease in the number of platelets - this is typical for some diseases.



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