Recommendations for accounting. Methodological recommendations for accounting the collection of libraries of educational institutions. Main aspects of asset disposal

I. General provisions

1. These Guidelines determine the procedure for organizing accounting of fixed assets in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” PBU 6/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 30, 2001 N 26n (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation April 28, 2001, registration number 2689).

These Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets apply to organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and budgetary institutions).

2. When accepting assets for accounting as fixed assets, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:

a) use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, or for the management needs of the organization;

b) use for a long time, i.e. useful life exceeding 12 months or normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months.

The useful life is the period during which the use of fixed assets brings economic benefits (income) to the organization. For certain groups of fixed assets, the useful life is determined based on the amount of products (volume of work in physical terms) expected to be received as a result of the use of these fixed assets;

c) the organization does not intend to subsequently resell these assets;

d) the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

3. Fixed assets include: buildings, structures and transmission devices, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer equipment, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories; working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantings, on-farm roads and other relevant facilities.

The following are also taken into account as part of fixed assets: land plots; environmental management objects (water, subsoil and other natural resources); capital investments for radical improvement of land (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works); capital investments in leased fixed assets, if, in accordance with the concluded lease agreement, these capital investments are the property of the lessee.

4. These Guidelines do not apply to:

  • machines, equipment and other similar items listed as finished products in the warehouses of manufacturing organizations, as goods - in the warehouses of organizations engaged in trading activities;
  • items handed over for installation or to be installed that are in transit;
  • capital and financial investments.

5. Based on these Guidelines, organizations develop internal regulations, instructions, and other organizational and administrative documents necessary to organize accounting of fixed assets and control over their use. The following documents can be approved:

On receipt, disposal and internal movement of fixed assets and the procedure for their registration (drawing), as well as document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information;

a list of officials of the organization who are responsible for the receipt, disposal and internal movement of fixed assets;

the procedure for monitoring the safety and rational use of fixed assets in the organization.

6. Accounting for fixed assets is maintained for the purposes of:

a) formation of actual costs associated with the acceptance of assets as fixed assets for accounting;

b) correct execution of documents and timely reflection of the receipt of fixed assets, their internal movement and disposal;

c) reliable determination of the results from the sale and other disposal of fixed assets;

d) determining the actual costs associated with the maintenance of fixed assets (technical inspection, maintenance, etc.);

e) ensuring control over the safety of fixed assets accepted for accounting;

f) analyzing the use of fixed assets;

g) obtaining information about fixed assets necessary for disclosure in the financial statements.

7. Movement operations (receipt, internal movement, disposal) of fixed assets are documented with primary accounting documents.

Primary accounting documents must contain the following mandatory details established by Federal Law No. 129-FZ of November 21, 1996 “On Accounting” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1996, No. 48, Art. 5369; 1998, No. 30, Art. 3619 ; 2002, No. 1179; 2003, No. 2, No. 27 (part I), art.

  • Title of the document;
  • date of document preparation;
  • name of the organization on behalf of which the document was drawn up;
  • content of a business transaction;
  • measuring business transactions in physical and monetary terms;
  • the names of the positions of the persons responsible for the execution of the business transaction and the correctness of its execution;
  • personal signatures of these persons and their transcripts.

In addition, additional details may be included in the primary accounting documents depending on the nature of the business transaction, the requirements of regulatory legal acts and accounting documents, as well as the technology for processing accounting information.

As primary accounting documents, unified ones for accounting for fixed assets, approved by Resolution of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics dated January 21, 2003 No. 7 “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for fixed assets” (according to the conclusion of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, this the document does not require state registration - letter of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated February 27, 2003 N 07/1891-UD).

8. Primary accounting documents must be properly executed, with all necessary details filled in, and have appropriate signatures.

9. Primary accounting documents can be compiled on paper and (or) computer media.

Programs for encoding, identification and machine processing of document data on computer media must have a security system and be stored in the organization for the period established for the storage of the corresponding primary accounting documents.

10. The accounting unit for fixed assets is an inventory item. An inventory item of fixed assets is recognized as an object with all fixtures and accessories, or a separate structurally isolated object intended to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated objects, representing a single whole, intended to perform a specific job. A complex of structurally articulated objects is one or more objects of the same or different purposes, having common devices and accessories, common control, mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each object included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently.

Example. Rolling stock of road transport (cars of all brands and types, tractor-trailers, trailers, trailers, semi-trailers of all types and purposes, motorcycles and scooters) - the inventory item for this group includes all accessories and accessories related to it. The price of the car includes the cost of a spare wheel with a tire, tube and rim tape, as well as a set of tools.

For the sea and river fleets, an inventory item is each vessel, including the main and auxiliary engines, a power plant, a radio station, life-saving equipment, loading and unloading mechanisms, navigation and measuring instruments, and an on-board set of spare parts. Items of production, cultural, household and household equipment and rigging that are on the ship, but are not its integral part, and that meet the requirements for classifying objects as fixed assets, are accounted for as separate inventory items.

Civil aviation engines, due to the fact that the useful life of these engines differs from the useful life of the aircraft, are accounted for as separate inventory items.

If one object has several parts that have different useful lives, each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory item.

Capital investments in land plots, for radical land improvement (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works), in environmental management facilities (water, subsoil and other natural resources) are accounted for as separate inventory objects (by type of capital investment objects).

Capital investments for the radical improvement of land on a site owned by an organization are taken into account as part of the inventory object in which the capital investments were made.

Capital investments in a leased fixed asset item are accounted for by the lessee as a separate inventory item if, in accordance with the concluded lease agreement, these capital investments are the property of the lessee.

An item of fixed assets owned by two or more organizations is reflected by each organization as part of fixed assets in proportion to its share in the common property.

11. To organize accounting and ensure control over the safety of fixed assets, each inventory item of fixed assets must be assigned a corresponding inventory number when accepting them for accounting.

The number assigned to an inventory item may be identified by attaching a metal token, painted, or otherwise.

In cases where an inventory item has several parts that have different useful lives and are accounted for as separate inventory items, each part is assigned a separate inventory number. If an object consisting of several parts has a common useful life for the objects, the specified object is listed under one inventory number.

The inventory number assigned to an inventory item of fixed assets is retained by it for the entire period of its presence in the organization.

It is not recommended to assign inventory numbers of retired inventory items of fixed assets to objects newly accepted for accounting within five years after the end of the year of disposal.

12. Accounting for fixed assets for objects is carried out by the accounting service using inventory cards for accounting for fixed assets (for example, a unified form of primary accounting documentation for accounting for fixed assets N, approved by Resolution of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics dated January 21, 2003 N 7 “On approval unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of fixed assets"). An inventory card is opened for each inventory item.

Inventory cards can be grouped in a file cabinet in relation to the Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 N 1 “On the classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002, N 1 (Part II), Art. 52; 2003, No. 28, Art. 2940), and within sections, subsections, classes and subclasses - at the place of operation (structural divisions of the organization).

An organization that has a small number of fixed assets can carry out object-by-object accounting in the inventory book, indicating the necessary information about fixed assets by their types and locations.

13. Filling out the inventory card (inventory book) is carried out on the basis of the act (invoice) of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, technical passports and other documents for the acquisition, construction, movement and disposal of an inventory item of fixed assets. The inventory card (inventory book) must contain: basic data about the fixed asset item, its useful life; method of calculating depreciation; a note about non-accrual of depreciation (if any); about the individual characteristics of the object.

14. For an object of fixed assets received on lease, in order to organize the accounting of the specified object in an off-balance sheet account in the accounting service of the lessee, it is also recommended to open an inventory card. This object can be accounted for by the tenant using the inventory number assigned by the lessor.

15. Synthetic and analytical accounting of fixed assets is organized on the basis of accounting registers recommended by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation or developed by ministries, other executive authorities or organizations.

16. If there is a large number of fixed assets at their location in structural divisions, they can be recorded in an inventory list or other relevant document containing information about the number and date of the inventory card, the inventory number of the fixed asset, the full name of the object, its original cost and information about the disposal (relocation) of the object.

17. Inventory cards for fixed assets accepted for accounting, as well as for retired fixed assets during the month may be kept (until the end of the month) separately from the inventory cards of other fixed assets.

18. The data from the inventory cards is checked monthly in total against the data from the synthetic accounting of fixed assets.

19. Based on relevant accounting data, as well as technical documentation, the organization exercises control over the use of fixed assets.

Indicators characterizing the use of fixed assets may include, in particular: data on the availability of fixed assets, dividing them into owned or leased; active and unused; data on working hours and downtime by groups of fixed assets; data on the output of products (works, services) in the context of fixed assets, etc.

20. Based on the degree of use, fixed assets are divided into:

  • in operation;
  • in stock (reserve);
  • under repair;
  • at the stage of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization and partial liquidation;
  • on conservation.

21. Fixed assets, depending on the rights the organization has to them, are divided into:

  • fixed assets owned by right of ownership (including those leased, transferred for free use, transferred to trust management);
  • fixed assets that are under the economic control or operational management of an organization (including those leased, transferred for free use, transferred to trust management);
  • fixed assets received by the organization for rent;
  • fixed assets received by the organization for free use;
  • fixed assets received by an organization for trust management.

The status of accounting recommendations in the context of the new Accounting Law is quite clear - these are “auxiliary” clarifications that are not at all mandatory for application. In Part 8 of Art. 21 of Law N 402-FZ directly states: these recommendations are applied by economic entities exclusively on a voluntary basis. However, guidelines will be an important element of the accounting regulatory system. The goals of their development and adoption are specified as follows:

Correct application of federal and industry standards;

Reducing costs for organizing accounting;

Dissemination of best practices in organizing and maintaining accounting, results of research and development in the field of accounting.

The procedure for applying federal and industry standards;

Forms of accounting documents, with the exception of those established by federal and industry standards;

Organizational forms of accounting;

Organizations of accounting services of economic entities;

Accounting technologies;

The procedure for organizing and implementing internal control of their activities and maintaining accounting records;

The procedure for developing standards by economic entities.

Thanks to such innovations, the accounting regulatory system should become completely transparent regarding the status of various regulations. The fact is that in addition to PBU and the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, the Russian Ministry of Finance has issued a number of other documents. For example, Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 13, 2003 N 91n) and Guidelines for accounting of inventories (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n). These documents, in essence, specify and explain the procedure for applying the general rules established in PBU 6/01 and PBU 5/01, respectively. These “manuals” are not an integral part of PBU, and therefore cannot be attributed to the normative level of accounting regulation. They can be qualified as documents of a methodological level, which in theory should not be binding.

However, officials considered these “auxiliary” documents as mandatory for use. Thus, in the already mentioned Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 22, 2011 N 07-02-10/20 and PBU 6/01, and Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets are mentioned as “equal” regulations in accordance with which accounting must be kept , in particular the disposal of fixed assets. And in general, officials in their Letters quite often refer to both PBU 6/01 and the “Manual” (Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/08/2012 N 03-05-05-01/31, dated 04/28/2012 N 07-02 -06/119, Federal Tax Service of Russia dated August 29, 2011 N ZN-4-11/13999@). And the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 18, 2011 N 07-02-06/53 states: Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets determine the procedure for organizing accounting of fixed assets in accordance with PBU 6/01.

Judges argue in a similar way, referring to the “manual” as an official document establishing a mandatory accounting procedure for everyone (see, for example, Information Letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2011 N 148 “Review of the practice of resolving cases by arbitration courts related to the use of certain provisions of Chapter 30 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation").

In addition to the above-mentioned Guidelines, there are other documents of the same group. In particular, Guidelines for accounting of special tools, special devices, special equipment and special clothing (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 26, 2002 N 135n) and Instructions for reflecting in the accounting records of organizations operations related to the implementation of a property trust management agreement ( approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 28, 2001 N 97n), Guidelines for the preparation of financial statements during the reorganization of organizations (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 20, 2003 N 44n), Standard recommendations for the organization of accounting for small businesses (approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 21, 1998 N 64n). The latter actually “went up”, because the aspects they regulate will now have to be regulated at the level of federal standards. This is the fundamental difference and positive innovation of Law N 402-FZ:

What will be spelled out directly in federal and industry standards that are mandatory for use are rules, not recommendations;

Everything that is not directly recorded in federal and industry standards, but will be explained in accounting recommendations, really has the status of recommendations that are not obligatory for use by economic entities.

However, in any case, economic entities will have to take into account the new recommendations - after all, they must explain complex and controversial issues of application of federal and industry standards, as well as generalize the accumulated experience in accounting and reflect the advanced achievements of accounting science. Therefore, studying the recommendations will allow accountants to avoid mistakes or misunderstandings of individual provisions of the standards and correctly form their professional judgment. But it will no longer be possible to refer to the recommendations as a substantiation of one’s position in the courts in the event of disagreements with tax and other regulatory authorities. Professional judgment formed on the basis of standards and with the help of recommendations should be reflected in the internal standards of an economic entity.

Establish the same procedure for accounting for transportation and procurement costs (TPC) for both goods and materials.

This will allow you to avoid recalculations if you have to use previously recorded goods as goods.

And if you choose an accounting option that involves including TZR in the cost of inventories, then you will also bring accounting closer to tax accounting (Clause 6, 13 PBU 5/01; clause 2 of Article 254, Article 320 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

OS classification is not required for use

When determining in accounting, it is not at all necessary to be guided by the OS Classification. You can focus on the actual period of expected use of the OS.

And for leased property, it is quite possible to use SPI equal to the term of the leasing agreement. The main thing is to consolidate this method of establishing this period in the accounting policy.

There should also be no claims for property tax (Clause 20 of PBU 6/01; Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of September 25, 2014 N 305-KG14-1477; clause 1 of Article 375 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Supplier bonus - other income

Reflect the premium from the supplier as an independent one by approving this method in your accounting policies. This will allow you to avoid differences between tax and accounting. Indeed, in tax accounting, a supplier’s bonus is always non-operating income (Clause 8 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 27, 2012 N 03-03-06/1/506). And in accounting there is another way to account for the premium - reducing the cost of purchasing goods by its amount.

Refusal from revaluation of fixed assets

If you have established a prohibition in your accounting policy, it must be observed. Otherwise (for example, in the case of an unlawful depreciation of fixed assets), you may be charged additional property tax (Resolution of the Autonomous Region of the Moscow Region dated 09/07/2016 N F05-12620/201).

Determine revenue taking into account discounts and mark-ups

In accounting, determine revenue taking into account all discounts and markups provided for in the contract. If the price has changed after shipment, but in the same year, you need to adjust the revenue in account 90 “Sales” by the amount of the difference.

Creating a reserve for vacation pay

If you do not have the right to, create a reserve in your accounting for future expenses to pay for vacations to employees. Otherwise, you will make a mistake and your reporting may be considered unreliable. And this may result in a fine (Clause 20 of the Information of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 29, 2016 N PZ-3/2016; clause 1 of Article 120 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

In tax accounting, organizations are given freedom of choice: to create a vacation reserve or not (Article 313, paragraph 1 of Article 324.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

OS repair costs - current expenses

Recognize the costs of OS repairs as current expenses. Such expenses have no relation to the following reporting periods. And even the significant amount of such expenses is not a reason to reflect them on account 97 “Future expenses”.

Contribution to JSC property - other expense

Consider making a contribution to the property of the joint-stock company to cover its losses as another expense. That is, reflect the debit of account 91-2 and the credit of the account of the transferred property - 51, 01, 10, etc. There are no grounds for accounting for financial investments in this case. After all, there is no need to say that such an investment is guaranteed to bring you income in the future.

Selecting an audit company

When choosing an audit company, ask what services it provides and what approaches it will use in its work. Some people base their judgments on IFRS, while others strictly follow the letter of PBU. It is advisable that the company have at least 10 - 15 full-time employees with audit certificates. The level of the company is also indicated by whether its employees speak at conferences and whether they are published in specialized publications.

The vacation pay reserve includes all vacation expenses

When calculating the amount of the reserve for vacation pay, you need to determine all expenses associated with the employee’s vacation (Clause 15 of PBU 8/2010). And since vacation pay is subject to insurance contributions, their amounts must also be included in such an estimated liability (reserve).

Compensation for unused vacation from the reserve

Feel free to write off the amount of compensation for unused vacation in accounting against the vacation reserve (Clause 8 of PBU 8/2010; Appendix to the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 29, 2014 N 07-04-18/01). But remember that you cannot do this in tax accounting. Compensation is not written off against the reserve, but is immediately taken into account in tax expenses. This means that the differences will have to be reflected according to PBU 18/02.

Termination and resumption of depreciation on modernized fixed assets

The procedure for stopping and resuming the accrual of depreciation in the case when work on the modernization of the operating system has been carried out for more than 12 months, be fixed in the accounting policy, since this issue is not resolved in PBU 6/01. The procedure may be as follows (following from the general norms of PBU 6/01) (Clause 21, 22 of PBU 6/01):

  • termination of depreciation calculation - from the 1st day of the month following the month of commencement of modernization work;
  • renewal - from the 1st day of the month following the month of completion of the modernization.

Sales of foreign currency in financial statements

If in accounting you reflect the sale of foreign currency in detail, then when filling out the statement of financial results, collapse these income and expenses (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 24, 2011 N 07-02-18/01). If in the reporting you reflect (as well as in accounting) rubles received in other income, and sold currency in other expenses (in ruble equivalent at the Bank of Russia exchange rate), then the tax authorities may have unnecessary questions when comparing accounting indicators and tax returns. arrived. And users of financial statements will be misled regarding sales volumes.

Signing of reports by the chief accountant

The chief accountant may not sign the accounting records if this is not required by the internal rules of the organization. Indeed, according to the Law on Accounting, the signature of the head of the organization on the financial statements (on paper) is sufficient (Information message of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 19, 2015).

Disassembly of registered goods

If you need to dismantle previously purchased goods, then you must establish the procedure for distributing the actual cost of the original goods between new product items yourself. Let's say a set consists of different things, then its actual cost can be distributed, for example, in proportion to the selling price of each item. And do not forget to write down the established procedure in the accounting policies.

Provision for estimated liabilities

The reserve for estimated liabilities is created in the amount of expenses necessary to fulfill these obligations. The specific procedure for determining the amount of contributions to the reserve is not defined in PBU 8/2010. Therefore, you need to estimate the amount of possible costs yourself based on available facts or experience of similar operations, and sometimes with the help of independent experts. Be sure to draw up a document and record the cost estimate.

VAT on transfer of property to the authorized capital

If in the constituent documents the property transferred to your authorized capital is assessed without taking into account VAT, the amount of tax that the participant has restored should be taken into account as additional capital in account 83. Indeed, in this case, the amount of VAT is transferred in addition to what is used to pay for the share in the management company.

Simplified forms of financial statements

If you have the right to simplified accounting methods, you can prepare accounting reports using simplified forms. That is, prepare only a balance sheet and income statement. However, if it turns out that you did not have such a right, the inspectorate will be able to fine the organization 200 rubles. for each form of financial statements not submitted on time (statement of changes in capital, statement of cash flows and explanations) (Article 126 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation; Letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated November 21, 2012 N AS-4-2/19575@).

In addition, an administrative fine in the amount of 300 to 500 rubles may be imposed on the manager or chief accountant. (Article 15.6 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).

Accounting statements can be submitted on paper

Accounting reports can still be submitted to the tax authorities on paper. There is no obligation to submit it electronically (Letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated December 7, 2015 N SD-4-3/21316; Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 11, 2015 N 03-02-08/34055). Moreover, paper reporting forms do not necessarily have to be machine-oriented (with barcodes).

Correction of significant errors in submitted reports

If you find significant errors in the annual accounting reports submitted to the Federal Tax Service and the statistics agency, they can be corrected. But only if this accounting has not yet been approved by the owners (for example, by a meeting of shareholders).

In the electronic form, do not forget to indicate the adjustment number, and on the paper version of the reporting form, at the top of the first page, indicate the word “Revised” (Clause 6, 7, 8 PBU 22/2010; Order of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated December 31, 2015 N AS-7 -6/711@).

Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets are one of the most significant documents in terms of content that any organization should rely on in matters of asset accounting. This article is devoted to what basic principles and approaches to accounting for fixed assets such guidelines contain and what is important for a company to keep in mind.

General provisions of the guidelines

The document called guidelines for accounting of fixed assets, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 13, 2003 No. 91n (hereinafter referred to as instructions No. 91n), discloses and specifies the norms of PBU 6/01 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 30, 2001 No. 26n). The document establishes a wide range of features of fixed assets accounting that should guide firms in the practice of maintaining such accounting.

The first section of the guidelines is devoted to general issues. It specifies some organizational issues. Namely, it is stated that, on the basis of instructions No. 91n, the company independently forms internal accounting regulations, which should be fixed (clause 5 of instructions No. 91n):

  • forms of primary documents that record the facts of the movement of fixed assets;
  • list of specialists responsible for maintaining records;
  • rules and procedures for monitoring the use of the OS.

Also, paragraph 6 of instructions No. 91n outlines the goals of maintaining OS accounting at an enterprise, which in general essence are similar to the basic goals of organizing accounting in a company.

  • the company will use such an asset in production or for administrative purposes;
  • the company expects to use such an asset for more than 12 months.

At the same time, paragraph 7 of instructions No. 91n stipulates that all operations involving the movement of fixed assets (their receipt, movement within the company and disposal) must be properly reflected in the primary documents.

IMPORTANT! Primary documents must necessarily contain the following details: name of the company, fixed assets, content of the fact of movement of fixed assets, numerical indicators of movement, details of responsible specialists, as well as their signatures. Documents can be drawn up either on paper or in electronic form (paragraphs 7-9 of instructions No. 91n).

As stated in paragraphs. 10, 11 of instructions No. 91n, the accounting unit of fixed assets in a company is an inventory object, which is assigned the corresponding accounting number. In this case, such an inventory item is understood as:

  • A separate OS object (with all the necessary devices), which is designed to perform certain functions and tasks in a company.
  • Or a complex of articulated operating systems that function as a single whole and, as a single whole, are designed to perform the necessary tasks in the enterprise. It is important that separately (and not in combination) such operating systems lose their value for the company and can no longer perform the necessary functions. An example would be the body of a truck and its engine, which together constitute a single inventory object - a truck.

Instructions No. 91n stipulate that, relative to the fleet, each vessel acts as a separate inventory item. But in aviation the procedure is different: each aircraft engine must be registered as an independent inventory item.

PAY ATTENTION! The main rule that a company should follow when dividing fixed assets into inventory objects is as follows: if a single object has component parts whose useful lives differ from each other, such parts must be registered as independent inventory objects.

To keep records of fixed assets, special forms are provided - inventory cards, which the company must create in relation to each inventory item it has. If the company received an operating system for rent, then such a card should be opened in an off-balance sheet account.

In addition, the general provisions of instructions No. 91n describe how accounting should be kept if a company has too many or too few fixed assets.

What aspects of determining the initial cost of an asset are reflected in the guidelines?

Instructions No. 91n establish that a company can take OS into account in a wide range of cases. Namely: upon acquisition, construction, receipt as a contribution to the management company from other companies, etc. In this case, in any case, accounting specialists will have to reflect the receipt of fixed assets at its original cost (paragraphs 22, 23 of instructions No. 91n).

IMPORTANT! The initial cost of the OS is the amount that the company actually spent on acquiring/constructing the OS in question, minus the amount of VAT on such expenses.

At the same time, the actual expenses of the enterprise in paragraph 24 of instructions No. 91n are understood as a wide and open list of costs that are in one way or another related to the fact of the transfer of fixed assets to the company. Namely:

  • payment under a purchase and sale agreement, contract (including for the consultations and information provided regarding the acquisition of this OS), etc.;
  • costs for delivery of the OS and for certain work (if necessary), as a result of which the OS becomes suitable for use in the enterprise;
  • customs payments, fees, duties, non-refundable taxes;
  • fees paid to intermediaries;
  • other costs associated with the acquisition of OS.

Accountants should remember that general business or other similar expenses cannot be included in the “Other expenses” group.

In addition, instructions No. 91n establish some specific features of the formation of the initial cost of fixed assets. In particular:

  • If the company did not purchase the OS externally, but created it on its own (for example, built a building), then the initial cost of the OS in the company’s accounting will be formed as the sum of the costs actually incurred to create such an OS.
  • In a situation where a company makes an OS as a contribution to the capital company, in accounting the initial cost will be an estimated monetary value that was agreed upon by the founders of the company.
  • If OS was donated to the company, then such an object is accepted for accounting at its market price on the date of reflection in accounting.
  • In a situation where the fixed assets are transferred to the company under agreements, according to which the company becomes obligated to make payment in non-monetary objects, the initial cost of the fixed assets is calculated as the price of such (and if it is impossible to calculate the price, the price of similar) objects.
  • If, as a result of the inventory, the company has identified previously unaccounted for objects, then they should be registered at the current market value.

Further. In paragraph 38 of instructions No. 91n it is established that it is necessary to accept fixed assets for accounting in a company on the basis of a special document - an act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets. In this case, such an act must be generated for each individual OS object. The exception is objects of the same type that the company takes into account at the same time: one general act can be drawn up for them.

What is important to remember when subsequently assessing the OS?

The main principle, which is reinforced by instructions No. 91n regarding the subsequent assessment of fixed assets, is as follows: in the future, the cost of fixed assets, as a rule, is not revised.

However, exceptions are possible. In particular, the initial cost of fixed assets must be changed in accounting when the object has been subjected to additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, revaluation and partial liquidation.

PAY ATTENTION! At the same time, the cost of modernization, additional equipment, etc. can either be taken into account together with the OS object (in the same inventory card) or taken into account separately (then a separate inventory card is opened).

Instructions No. 91n provide that a company can revaluate fixed assets at current value no more than once a year. Moreover, such a current value means the amount of funds that the company would pay if, on this date, there was a need for an urgent replacement of an asset.

To calculate the current value, paragraph 43 of instructions No. 91n involves the use of a different range of data, including:

  • price statistics;
  • information on prices published in the media;
  • information on prices from the company’s practice;
  • expert opinions, etc.

However, the company should keep in mind that if it decides to revaluate fixed assets in accounting once, then this will have to be done regularly in the future (clause 44 of instructions No. 91n).

IMPORTANT! When revaluing, not only the value of the asset is revised, but also the depreciation that was accrued for the entire period of use of the asset.

Further. The company's accountants should clearly understand that the results of the revaluation of fixed assets in the aggregate for the year must be reflected in the accounting separately. In this case, an important aspect is the impact of the revaluation results on the amount of additional capital of the company. In general, the rules are as follows:

  • Additional valuation of fixed assets increases the company's additional capital, and the amount of subsequent markdown reduces it.
  • If the fixed assets were marked down first, then the amount of the markdown does not affect the additional capital, but is included in other expenses. Subsequent revaluation is first included in the financial result of the company as other income. And when the amount of the revaluation exceeds the total previously carried out markdown, then the further revaluation will form the additional capital of the company.
  • When an asset is disposed of, the results of the revaluation of such asset are transferred from additional capital to retained earnings.

For more information about the company's additional capital, see the article.

Aspects of calculating and accounting for depreciation of fixed assets according to methodological guidelines

As follows from paragraph 49 of instructions No. 91n, the company must charge depreciation for all fixed assets that it has as ownership, economic management or operational management (according to PBU 6/01).

Instructions No. 91n spell out some specifics, according to which certain categories of companies should be charged depreciation. Namely:

  • Non-profit firms are exempt from the need to calculate depreciation. Instead, they must keep records of the total depreciation of fixed assets for the year in an off-balance sheet account.
  • Any organizations should not charge depreciation on objects such as land plots or other natural objects, i.e. on those objects that even after 50 years will not lose their useful properties for consumers.
  • If the asset is leased, then depreciation in accounting is usually calculated by the lessor. Under a leasing agreement, an asset can be taken into account by both the lessor and the lessee, depending on who, by virtue of the agreement, acts as the balance holder. In particular, if the contract states that the property is included in the balance sheet of the lessee, then he charges depreciation. And vice versa.

Paragraph 53 of instructions No. 91n specifies possible methods for calculating depreciation in a company. These are the methods:

  • linear;
  • reducing balance;
  • by the sum of the numbers of years of useful use;
  • in proportion to the volume of products produced.

At the same time, it is important for the company to understand that, having chosen one of the proposed methods, it will be necessary to apply it throughout the entire life of the OS object (group of objects).

Paragraph 59 of instructions No. 91n explains how the useful life of an asset should be determined. In particular, it is recommended to take into account the following factors:

  • expected OS performance or power;
  • estimated physical wear and tear, which in turn depends on the conditions and intensity of use of the object;
  • various conditions and restrictions on the use of such an object (for example, the duration of the OS lease agreement).

If the company completed the completion or modernization of the operating system, then the useful life should be reconsidered in an objective way.

In paragraphs 61-64 guidelines for accounting of fixed assets The basic procedure for calculating depreciation is described:

  • calculation begins on the 1st day of the month following the month when the operating system was accepted by the company for accounting;
  • depreciation stops accruing in the same way: from the 1st day of the month after the fixed assets asset was retired or completely depreciated in the previous month;
  • for long-term preservation (more than 3 months) or restoration (more than 12 months), depreciation is not accrued;
  • Depreciation is “cumulated” in accrual accounting and is reflected in the statements of the period to which it actually relates.

Recommendations of guidelines regarding the maintenance and restoration of OS objects

As follows from paragraph 66 of instructions No. 91n, the enterprise maintains an OS object so that it does not lose its operational qualities and continuously benefits the company over a long period. In this case, there are two ways to maintain OS objects:

  • technical inspection of the OS facility;
  • maintaining such an OS object in a state suitable for performing work tasks.

Restoration in the context of instructions No. 91n means that in relation to a particular OS object that has lost its operational properties to some extent, one of the following actions is carried out:

  • OS repair;
  • such an object is modernized by the company;
  • The OS is being reconstructed.

Paragraph 67 of instructions No. 91n states that the company should recognize repair costs in full on the basis of primary documents. Namely: this may include costs such as the purchase of materials, wages of workers, the purchase of services from third-party contractors, etc.

PAY ATTENTION! If a company is renovating an object, then it is advisable to make a note about this on the corresponding inventory card. As soon as the repair is completed, the inventory card information is also updated by appropriate adjustments.

To reflect the fact of modernization or reconstruction of an asset, a company must have a corresponding act.

IMPORTANT! If the OS consists of several parts that are considered independent inventory items, the replacement of such parts as a result of modernization must be recorded by the company as a disposal/acquisition of the corresponding inventory items (clause 72 of instructions No. 91n).

Main aspects of asset disposal

The final section of instructions No. 91n is devoted to the issues of recording the disposal of fixed assets in accounting.

The main points that are important for a company to remember are the following.

The company may dispose of fixed assets as a result of such circumstances as sale, complete depreciation (write-off), transfer to another organization as a contribution to the capital company, donation, liquidation, etc.

PAY ATTENTION! At the same time, moving an asset from one division to another is not a disposal (clause 82 of instructions No. 91n).

For any situation, the cost of the disposed fixed asset must be excluded from the company's accounting.

At the same time, as explained in paragraph 77 of instructions No. 91n, a company, before recognizing an object as subject to disposal (for example, due to its complete wear and tear), should form a special commission that will determine whether such an object can be restored, whether it is advisable, etc. d. Based on the results of the work, the commission can decide to write off the asset and formalize the write-off in the form of a corresponding act.

IMPORTANT! If, when disposing of an asset, some of its components can be repaired, the company will again take them into account at the current market assessed value simultaneously with the reflection of the fact of disposal of the asset itself.

Accordingly, a corresponding mark is placed on the inventory card of the retired OS, after which the company will have to store such a card in the archive for at least 5 years.

Results

Guidelines for accounting for fixed assets regulate the entire process of accounting for fixed assets and explain in detail such issues as accepting fixed assets for accounting, calculating the initial cost of fixed assets, actions for the subsequent revaluation of fixed assets, carrying out its modernization, and repairs. The following are also described: the procedure for calculating depreciation on fixed assets, the main aspects of maintaining and restoring fixed assets. In addition, provisions are indicated that should be followed when disposing of fixed assets from the business activities of the company. Since many accounting nuances are explained in instructions No. 91n, it seems that the document in question at any enterprise should act as a reference book for the responsible accountant.

for internal accounting

securities transactions

in brokerage and dealer companies


1. Basic principles of internal accounting

1.1. Documenting transactions

1.2. Internal accounting registers

2. Back office in the company structure

2.1. Front office and back office

2.2. Back office and accounting

2.3. Functional structure of the back office

3. Primary accounting of transactions

3.1. Transaction order

3.1.1. Principles of drawing up and submitting orders for a transaction

3.2. Ticket (administrative note)

3.2.1. Purpose of the ticket

3.2.2. Ticket form and filling procedure

3.2.3. Ticket numbering system

3.3. Transaction confirmation

3.4. Transaction journal

3.4.1. Purpose and maintenance of the transaction journal

3.4.2. Transaction log data

4. Centralized databases

4.1. Principles and objectives

4.2. File of names and addresses

4.3. Securities file

4.4. Archives

4.4.1. Operations archive

4.4.2. Transactions archive

4.4.3. Cash flow archive

4.4.4. Archive of securities movements

5. Internal chart of accounts

5.1. Back office chart of accounts

5.2. Comments on the Chart of Accounts of the Cash Accounting System

6. Cash flow accounting system

6.1. Principles of a cash flow accounting system

6.2. Principles of maintaining a daily cash register

6.3. Structure of the Daily Cash Accounting Journal

6.4. An example of organizing a Cash Register

6.5. Structure of the Cash Accounting Book

6.6. An example of organizing a Cash Book

6.7. Cash balance

7. Journal of dealer transactions

7.1. Purpose of the dealer transaction log

7.2. Principles of keeping a log of dealer transactions

7.3. Structure of the dealer operations log

7.3.1. General information about transactions

7.3.2. Portfolio information

7.3.3. Market revaluation of the portfolio

7.4. An example of organizing a Dealer Operations Log

7.4.1. The relationship between the Dealer Journal and the Cash Journal

7.4.2. Reporting to management

8. Securities accounting system

8.1. Principles of the Securities Accounting System

8.2. Securities Accounting System Accounts

8.3. Principles of maintaining the Daily Securities Accounting Journal

8.4. Reflection of transactions with securities

8.5. Structure of the Daily Securities Accounting Journal

8.6. An example of organizing a Daily Securities Accounting Journal

8.7. Structure of the Securities Book

8.8. An example of organizing a securities ledger

8.9. Periodic reconciliation of securities availability

9. Internal back office reports

9.1. Report on pending transactions

9.1.1. Description of log fields

9.1.2. An example of organizing a log of unfinished transactions

9.2. Client account status report

9.3. Transaction log

10. Reporting to clients

10.1. General principles

10.2. Client account status report

10.2.1. general information

10.2.2. Operation table

10.2.3. Structure of the client's securities portfolio

10.2.4. Cash account balance

10.2.5. Summary table of transactions on the client's account

10.2.6. Total value of the client's portfolio

10.3. Client files

11. Example of using back office accounting registers

The specifics of the activities of brokerage and dealer companies determine the special requirements imposed by the management of such companies to obtain internal financial information - information about the availability of funds and securities in the portfolio of the company and clients at any time.

To obtain such information, there is insufficient data from the accounting department, whose activities are mainly focused on the preparation of financial and tax reporting to regulatory authorities.

In this regard, there is a need to carry out internal accounting of transactions with securities, aimed, first of all, at providing financial information to management for making investment decisions and planning operations.

The main objectives of internal accounting are:

· generation of complete, reliable and timely information on transactions with securities

· preparation of documents for transactions with securities

· preparation of regular internal reports to management

· Preparation of regular reports to clients.

Brokerage and dealer companies carry out internal accounting of transactions with securities separately and in addition to the accounting of their financial and economic activities for the purpose of more accurately reflecting the specific operations carried out by these companies on the securities market.

The basic principles of internal accounting of transactions with securities are:

· reflection of all transactions with securities in the internal accounting statements on the day of the transaction , i.e. no later than the end of the business day when the transaction was completed. If a company receives information about the fact of a transaction with securities later than the end of the business day when the transaction was completed, then the specified operation is reflected in the internal accounting statements no later than the end of the business day when information about the transaction was received;

· separation in internal accounting of its own funds and securities and the funds and securities of its clients . The internal accounting system involves opening and maintaining separate accounts for securities and analytical accounts for cash for each client and counterparty of the company. Each client or counterparty account is assigned a unique number in accordance with the internal principles of account numbering in the accounting system;

· providing regular reporting to clients company based on the results of transactions with securities that were completed for a given client. Reporting to clients reflects all transactions performed for the client using his funds and securities, as well as the balance of funds and securities in the client’s account according to internal accounting data.

The basis for entries in the internal accounting registers are the following primary documents recording the fact of a transaction with securities (conclusion of a transaction, movement of securities, movement of funds):

· internal accounting documents recording the fact of receiving a client's order to carry out a transaction with securities - client orders, and the fact of completing a transaction with securities - administrative notes (tickets) and transaction confirmations.

· agreements, contracts, agreements for transactions with securities;

· payment documents (orders, instructions, demands and other documents that are the basis for the recognition of payments in accordance with current legislation);

· documents certifying the re-registration of ownership of securities (extracts from the register of shareholders, depository statements from the securities account), transfer orders and other documents necessary for the re-registration of ownership of securities in accordance with current legislation, as well as acts of acceptance and transfer of securities certificates papers;

Documentation of the primary accounting of transactions is ensured by filling out a document certifying the fact of receipt of the client's order to carry out a transaction with securities, and a document certifying the fact of completing a transaction with securities.

Accounting for transactions with securities in the back office is carried out using the following journals and internal accounting statements:

Transaction journal

Dealer Operations Log

Daily cash register

Cash accounting book (statement)

Daily securities journal

Book (statement) of securities accounting

Incomplete activity log

Client Transactions Log

The company chooses the method of maintaining internal accounting logs depending on the volume of operations and software capabilities:

· on paper in the form of a journal or record cards;

· in the form of electronic tables;

· in the form of computer databases that are part of an automated back office information processing system, etc.

In the structure of a brokerage and dealer company, the following divisions related to the process of execution and accounting of transactions can be distinguished:

· Sales Department (“Front Office”), whose employees enter into transactions with securities;

· Back office , ensuring the execution of transactions, carrying out internal accounting and control of transactions with securities;

· Accounting , which records transactions and prepares financial statements in accordance with Russian accounting rules.

The front office includes the company's trading divisions - the trading department (dealing), the portfolio management department, and departments for working with individual and institutional clients.

The main function of the front office is to conclude securities transactions on behalf of the company and on behalf of its clients. At the same time, the front office is assigned a minimum of accounting and settlement functions. Accounting and execution of transactions is carried out by the back office.

Separating the front office from settlement, accounting and reporting functions will allow the department to focus on trading functions and working with clients and is a necessary condition for the company’s effective operation in the market.



Did you like the article? Share it
Print this article
Top