Pollenhead red
Taxonomic affiliation: Orchid family - Orchidaceae.
Conservation status of the species: Rare.
Scientific significance: A rare plant with complex developmental biology.
Range of the species and its distribution in Ukraine: Europe, Caucasus, Central and Asia Minor, Iran, North. Africa. In Ukraine - Transcarpathia, Carpathians, Polesie, Forest-steppe, Mountainous Crimea, Steppe (rarely). Adm. regions: Vl, Rv, Zht, Kv, Chn, Lv, Iv, Tr, Zk, Chts, Chk, Pl, Dts, Lg, Kr.
Number and structure of populations: There are many populations, ranging from a few individuals to 30-40, and their density is low. They are incomplete, mature vegetative plants predominate, young plants are absent or make up a small percentage.
Reason for the change in numbers: Plucking for bouquets, destruction of ecotopes, deforestation, replacement of plantings with artificial crops.
Growing conditions: Shady and sparse deciduous and coniferous forests, among bushes, on the edges, in groups of clusters. Querco-Fagetea (order Fagetalia sylvaticae, Dentaria-Fagetalia, Querco-Carpinetalia betuli) Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae (order OrnoCotinetalia), Erico-Pinetea (order EricoPinetalia). The species is diagnostic for groups of the sub-union Cephalanthero-Fagenion cl. QuercoFagetea. Plants grow on soils of varying moisture and acidity, with a predominance of soils rich in humus and lime. Mesophyte.
General biomorphological characteristics Geophyte. Perennial herbaceous plant 25-50 cm tall. Rhizome ascending. The stem is thin, straight or slightly sinuous, the axis of the inflorescence and the ovary at the top are glandularly pubescent. Leaves 4-5, lanceolate, up to 12 cm long. The inflorescence is sparse, with 2-8 (12) large lilac-pink flowers with a whitish lip. The bracts are linear-lanceolate, almost equal to the ovary. The outer tepals are lanceolate, finely pubescent, up to 2.5 cm long, the inner ones are oval-lanceolate, shorter than the outer ones. The lip is whitish, pink at the top and along the edges. The ovary is twisted, sessile, pubescent. It blooms in June-July, bears fruit in August-September. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively. Under unfavorable conditions, the plant can lead an underground lifestyle for up to 20 years.
Population conservation regime and protection measures: They are protected in the Carpathian Reserve, Cheremsky, Kanevsky, Krymsky, “Cape Martyan”, Yalta Mountain Forest, Karadagsky, “Raztochya” PZ, Karpatsky, “Uzhansky”, “Synevir”, “Podolsk Tovtry”, “Holy Mountains” NPP. Monitoring the state of populations. Harvesting and clear cutting of forests is prohibited.
Reproduction and breeding in specially created conditions: Grown in the National Botanical Garden. N.N. Grishko NAS of Ukraine, Botanical Garden of Lviv National University. Ivan Franko, but is rarely cultivated due to low survival rate.
Economic and commercial significance: Decorative, medicinal.
Syn.: cephalanthera.
Pollenhead is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants with straight or slightly twisting stems, pointed leaves and inflorescences of different colors. Many endangered species are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
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Classification
Pollenhead (lat. Cephalanthera) is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants, included in the tribe Neottieae, family Orchidaceae (lat. Orchidaceae). There are 25 species in the genus: Cephalanthera longifolia, Cephalanthera longibracteata Blume, Cephalanthera rubra, Cephalanthera grandiflora, etc.
Botanical description
Representatives of the genus are perennial herbaceous plants up to 50 cm in height, sometimes lacking chlorophyll, mycoheterotrophic, that is, living in a symbiotic community with fungi. The rhizome of the pollenhead is creeping, cylindrical in shape, with fleshy, thick, nutrient-storing roots and thread-like, numerous roots that participate in the vegetative propagation of the plant. There are few leaves, they are lanceolate in shape, arranged in a regular order on a straight, slightly twisting stem. The leaves are collected in a rosette.
The flowers are white or yellow, collected at the end of the stem in a multi-flowered inflorescence (up to 20 corollas). The calyx is composed of free, almost equal sepals. The corolla consists of shorter petals than the sepals, and has a solid or vaguely bilobed lip. The ovary is bare, slightly curved. Pollen flowers are pollinated by wasps, sometimes they cannot even leave the corolla due to the intoxicating effects of ethanol and narcotic substances in the plant. Under unfavorable conditions, the plant can live under the cover of fallen leaves almost in the ground. The fruit of the pollenhead is a straight capsule.
Some species of the genus Pollenhead:
Long-leaved pollenhead (Cephalanthera longifolia) is a mountain species that grows in the south of the forest zone of the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, Crimea, Asian countries, and the Himalayas. It is distinguished by white inflorescences of medium-sized flowers in the amount of 3-10, less often 20. On a straight stem 15-45 cm tall there are pointed lanceolate leaves. The flowering of the species can be observed in May-June. This species is listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The long-bracted pollenhead (Cephalanthera longibracteata Blume) is common in China, Japan, and deciduous forests of the Russian Far East (Ussuri region). Stems are straight, 35-50 cm tall, densely leafy. The inflorescence consists of white small flowers. The lower bracts are leaf-shaped, rather long, linear, twice as long as the flowers. Blooms in May-June. This species is listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The red pollen head (Cephalanthera rubra) is distributed in forests, in areas of the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus, in Central Asia (in the mountains of Turkmenistan), in Western Europe, and Iran. A plant with straight stems, finely pubescent at the top. The inflorescences consist of large lilac-pink flowers with a white lip. The red pollenhead differs from other species in that there is no nectar in the flowers. This species blooms in June-July. The number of this species is sharply declining; the red pollen head is listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The large-flowered pollenhead (Cephalanthera grandiflora) grows in the Black Sea region, Crimea, the Caucasus, Western Europe and Asia Minor, in shady and light beech, oak, and coniferous forests. The plant has a strong stem and a strong horizontal rhizome. The leaves are oval-shaped, the inflorescences are white, sparse. This species blooms in May-June. Endangered species. Listed in the Red Book of Russia.
Spreading
Most of the species of the genus Pollenhead grow in Europe, East Asia, and North Africa. Some species are found in regions of Western Asia and western North America. The pollen head lives in light deciduous and mixed forests, in thickets of bushes, and in tall grass stands. Many species are found in the Urals and the Caucasus, but in small numbers. It grows singly or in groups on fertile lands mixed with limestone. Many species are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich.
Category and status: 3 6 - rare species with a disjunctive habitat.
A brief description of. Short-rhizome herbaceous polycarpic up to 50 cm high, geophyte, with two types of roots: thin branching, with renewal buds, and thick storage ones. Blooms in June-July. Reproduction is predominantly by seed, but fruit formation is weak. The plant is mycotrophic. For the first 3-4 years it lives underground. Blooms in the 15th year. In heavily shaded areas it reproduces vegetatively. Such individuals bloom in the 3rd year. It has the ability for long-term (up to 20 years) secondary dormancy (1).
Spreading. Within Russia, the species' range is divided into two fragments. The first covers most of the regions of the European part of the Center, certain areas in the Volga region and the Urals. The species grows in the following regions: Bryansk (about 20 locations), Vladimir, Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Kirov (1 location in the Malmyzh region), Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod, Tambov, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Orenburg and Sverdlovsk (1 location in Nevyansk district); Perm Territory (about 20 locations) in the Republics of Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvash, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan (reliably known in 18 locations), Udmurtia. Isolated locations are indicated for the Kaliningrad (apparently disappeared), Leningrad and Pskov regions. Previously indicated for the Moscow, Vologda, Kursk and Yaroslavl regions. (apparently erroneously) (1-11,15). The second fragment is located in the mountains and foothills of the North Caucasus: in the Republics of Adygea, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia-Alania, Karachay-Cherkess, Chechen, Ingushetia; in the Stavropol and Krasnodar territories (12-14). Outside Russia it is found: in Europe from the Mediterranean to the south of Scandinavia, in the North. Africa, the northern part of Asia Minor, Iran and Turkmenistan (4).
Features of ecology and phytocenology. It grows on the plain and in the mountains, in dry, often sparse light deciduous forests, as well as in coniferous and mixed forests, in forest clearings and among shrubs. May be found in secondary habitats. Prefers dry carbonate soils and tolerates heavy shade.
Number. It is found rarely, as a rule, in single specimens or small groups (1,2), occasionally - up to 100 or more individuals. In secondary habitats it sometimes forms aggregations of hundreds of individuals (16). The number of individual populations fluctuates from year to year in different parts of the range within the following range: 27-87 shoots (generative 6-55.2%) in the Bashkir reserve on an area of 20 m2, (2.17), 21-110 shoots in the South Ural reserve on an area of about 0.5 hectares (18), 38-77 shoots in the Republic of Tatarstan on an area of 30 m2 (19). State of populations. Some previously known locations of the species have already disappeared. Many old finds need to be confirmed. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, out of 40 known locations, the species was destroyed in 8, the condition of another 14 is unknown (15). There is a danger of extinction of the only population of the species in the Bashkir Nature Reserve due to the planned development of a chromite deposit on its territory (2). Typically, populations are dominated by adult vegetative (about 50%) and generative (about 40%) individuals, young individuals make up no more than 10%. Population density is low.
Limiting factors. Anthropogenic impact: livestock grazing, recreation, tourism, mining, construction, forestry work. An ornamental plant, it suffers from being collected in bouquets and transplanted into gardens. Natural causes: fragmentation of the range, low number of individuals, poor seed regeneration, spring frosts and drought, in some places it is exterminated by wild boar (16,17).
Security measures taken. It was included in the Red Books of the USSR (1978,1984) and the RSFSR (1988). The species is included in the Red Data Books of 28 federal subjects, i.e. It is protected in almost all regions where it grows. Found on the territory of 14 reserves: Bashkir, Belogorye, Bryansk Forest, Volga-Kama, Dagestan, Zhigulevsky, Caucasian Biosphere, Kerzhensky, Mordovian, Volga Forest-Steppe, North Ossetian, Teberdinsky, Shulgan-Tash (19) and South Ural (18), as well as in a number of regional 00PT. The species is included in Appendix II of the International Convention CITES.
Necessary security measures. Monitoring the state of populations. Inventory of species locations. Creation of 00PT for the protection of the species at the state and regional levels. Prohibition of collecting plants and grazing in areas where the species grows.
Cultivation possibilities. The species is not cultivated in Russian botanical gardens. The experience of growing the species in Yekaterinburg (BS Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) showed that the species is unstable in culture (it persists for no more than one season) (20). It is necessary to develop methods for growing and propagating the species in culture.
Information sources. 1. Vakhrameeva et al., 1991; 2. Data from T.V. Zhirnova; 3. Mayevsky, 2006; 4. Luke, 1988; 5. Gubanov et al., 1995; 6. Red Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 2001; 7. Red Book of the Saratov Region, 1996; 8. Flora and vegetation of the Kaliningrad region, 1987; 9. Red Book of the Middle Urals, 1996; 10. Baranova, Taraskina, 1995; 11. Red Book of the Vologda Region, 2005; 12. Grossheim, 1940a; 13. Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory, 2007; 14. Red Book of North Ossetia-Alania, 1999; 15. Muldashev, 2004; 16. Chap, 1999; 17. Zhirnova, 2003; 18. Gorichev, 2003; 19. Current state..., 2003; 20. Mamaev et al., 2004. Compiled by: T.V. Zhirnova, M.G. Vakhrameeva.
Family: Orchidaceae, Orchidaceae
Rarity status category: 1