Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation (1956). Moscow State University of Printing §2. Punctuation of dialogue

Instructions

You need to start by determining which parts of the sentence are words. First, determine the subject and predicate - the grammatical basis. This way you will already have a well-defined “stove” from which you can “dance”. Then we distribute the remaining words among the members of the sentence, taking into account the fact that they are all divided into a subject and a predicate group. In the first group, in the second - addition and circumstance. Please also take into account that some words are not members of the sentence (for example, conjunctions, interjections, introductory and inserted constructions), and that several words together make up one member of the sentence (adverbial and participial phrases).

So, you already have an initial sentence outline. If you remove the words themselves and leave only the lines that emphasize the members of the sentence, then this can already be considered a diagram. However, let's assume that in your case everything is more complicated. For example, your sentence is complicated, that is, for example, it contains an adverbial phrase. Such a turn is fully emphasized as a circumstance, and in the diagram it will be separated from the other lines by vertical lines: ,|_._._._._|,

If you have a complex sentence, then the diagram will need to reflect all the predicative parts that you will find in this community. The predicative part can be identified by searching for all grammatical bases in a sentence: one grammatical base - one predicative part. That is, if we have a complex sentence (that is, the parts in it are equal and one does not depend on the other), then we will highlight both parts with square brackets, and between them we will place a punctuation mark and a conjunction that connects them: , and .

If you have a complex sentence, then you will have to show all the relationships between the parts, since in such a sentence one part is subordinate to the other. The one that is obeyed is the main one, the one that obeys is the subordinate one. The main clause is indicated by square brackets, the subordinate clause by round brackets: , (which...). Such a scheme would be appropriate for a sentence, for example: “We saw the house that Jack built,” and the sentence would be a complex sentence with a attributive clause.

When creating your outline, consider your instructor's requirements as these may vary. Also, do not forget that the diagram is, as it were, a prelude to the analysis of the sentence, so the more you write in the diagram, the more you will be able to understand and then say. But do not overload the diagram: for example, there is often no need to show on the diagram of a large complex sentence all the members of the sentence that are there. Only the grammatical basis can be noted.

Direct speech, i.e. “alien” speech, included in the author’s text and reproduced verbatim, can be formatted in two ways: by highlighting each new remark in paragraphs and by selecting it in a line.

Paragraph highlighting is characteristic of dialogue, when combining remarks belonging to different persons: Fedya and Kuzma were silent. Kuzma quietly winked at Fedya, and they went out into the street..

This is what I came for: Have the Lyubavins come from mowing?

We've arrived.

Take Yasha and wait for me here. I'll pop home in a minute. Then let's go arrest old man Lyubavin. Fedya thought about it.

Why is this?

You know, I have this thought: the gang is somewhere nearby, right? Makar finds out that his father was taken and wants to free him or take revenge. He's vindictive. And we will meet him here. A? What will happen to him, the old man? He'll sit. He will rest.

“It’s possible,” Fedya agreed.

I'll go quickly(Shuksh.).

When selecting lines of dialogue in paragraphs, a dash is placed before the line; After the author's words preceding the dialogue, a colon or period is placed. If the author’s text contains words introducing direct speech, then a colon is placed after them; if there are no such words, then a period or other punctuation mark is placed to mark the end of the sentence: Carmen took her hands away; the unfinished beat froze with a questioning ringing.

“I’ll finish playing later,” she said.

When will you be with me(Green).

Shatsky walked around the room.

Stuffiness, stuffiness! - he muttered. - The evenings here cause asthma(Paust.);

At that moment Nikon came out from behind the booth.

Snake! - Kuzma shouted.

There!.. There she is!

The snake quickly crawled along the mown bald patch to the tall grass(Shuksh.);

The telegraph operator, a strict, dry woman, having read the telegram, suggested:

Make it different. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

Why? - asked the Weird. - I always write to her like this in letters. This is my wife!.. You probably thought...

You can write whatever you want in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is clear text.

The weirdo rewrote (Shuksh.).

The same with a single replica: I came up. We said hello. I tell her something about housewarming, and she answers me:

Oh, it's a housewarming party! Not a housewarming party, but only tears. They folded the stove - the smoke does not go up the chimney, but into the hut everything strives(Cool.);

His eyes are lowered to his plate. Then he raised them to Nadya, ordinary blue eyes, smiled and said quietly:

Excuse me. It's my fault. This is childish of me(Sol.);

Go to the window and say:

Grun! - and, cupping your hands like a pipe near your lips, you show her that, supposedly, I want to play some tricks(Cool.);

In the senets Marya started to cry again, but I shouted at her:

Enough! (Cool.).

If direct speech is formalized in selection, then it is enclosed in quotation marks. Replies from different persons are issued separately; if there are no words from the author, then a dash is placed between the remarks: Pavel pretended to be surprised, then said: “Why should I be ashamed?” - “I gave in to the old people,” - “I didn’t give in,” said Pavel(Shuksh.). Both methods of formatting direct speech can be combined if another person’s replica is included in the replica:

Oh, terrible fool!(Bond.).

Paragraph and non-paragraph (with the help of quotation marks) highlighting of direct speech differentiation is used if the text alternates between external speech (addressed to the interlocutor) and internal speech (thought to oneself). External speech issued by using paragraph highlighting, internal - using quotes:

Hmmm. Well, you're right. Business cannot be exchanged for idleness. Go ahead and draw your triangles.

Nadya looked pleadingly into Ivan’s eyes. “Well, what’s so scary about that,” I wanted to tell her. - Tomorrow will be a new evening, we can go to the White Mountains. And the day after tomorrow. But it’s not my fault if I promised two weeks ago.”(Sol.);

Let's go get some salt! - Vitka suggested. - How far is it to cross the ravine? It would be nice to steal a testicle from the mother at the same time.

“Let’s go get some salt,” I thought, still cherishing my villainous plan. - Just don’t think that everything will work out like that. When we run to get salt, I will definitely run into you in the forest, you won’t leave me.”

We brought salt and two chicken eggs.

Now let's dig a hole(Sol.);

And after my words, he smiled from ear to ear (his mouth was just from ear to ear) and joyfully agreed:

Okay, let's go then.

“Here I’ll show you, let’s go!” - I thought to myself(Sol.).

Quotations (without paragraph division) highlight internal direct speech not addressed to the interlocutor: “This is in vain,” Kuzma thought embarrassedly, quietly retreating back. He went to the booth and from there began to listen to songs and dance. “They give great... Well done. But a fight, it turns out, can start very easily.”(Shuksh.); Kuzma looked where they pointed. There, on the slope of another slope, mowers walked in a chain. Behind them, the mown grass remained in even lines - beautiful. Women's handkerchiefs turned white. “One of them is Marya,” Kuzma thought calmly.(Shuksh.); Kuzma looked at her with joy. “What else was I, a fool, looking for?” - he thought(Shuksh.).

Isolation using quotation marks is characteristic of direct speech included in another direct speech, in a replica of another person: We set up Marya's house as "peace." All the brothers got together, mixed the mortar, and made the formwork. Pavel Mironovich did not spare cement - not a house, but a fortress!

In such cases, Grandfather Andrei said: “God help!” - I said, approaching Victor.

Thank you...

Victor hesitated for a moment...(Cool.);

Imagine, I’m sitting,” Anna Richardovna said, shaking with excitement, again clutching the accountant’s sleeve, “and a cat comes in.” Black, healthy, like a hippopotamus. Of course, I shout at him, “Screw me!” He goes out, and instead of him a fat man comes in, also with some sort of cat’s face, and says: “What are you, citizen, shouting “fuck” to visitors?”(Bulg.);

I said that no one painted better than this artist. Auntie objected. She supposedly saw many different icons in her life! And I was in St. Petersburg, and in the Kyiv Lavra, and in the Cathedral of the Assumption... I saw frames worth a pound of gold, but here - “no one wrote better!”(Cool.).

For the design of direct speech, there are other rules related to taking into account the relationship between direct speech and the words of the author:

1) if direct speech comes before the words of the author, then these words begin lowercase and are separated from direct speech by a comma and a dash; if there is a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis after direct speech, these marks are retained: “We understand everything perfectly, Nikolai Vasilyevich,” Solodovnikov quipped to himself, sitting down on a white stool.(Shuksh.); “What about tomorrow?!” - Boris almost shouted it out loud(Cool.); “Yes, I should have said goodbye!..” - he realized when the covered car was already climbing up(Shuksh.); “My blue-eyed guardian angel, why are you looking at me with such sad anxiety?” - Krymov wanted to say ironically(Bond.); “My beauty...” began Koroviev tenderly.(Bulg.); “In no case...” - began Margarita(Bulg.);

2) if direct speech comes after the words of the author, then these words end with a colon; punctuation marks after direct speech are preserved: Smetanina jumped up, grabbed my hand and shouted: “The sea is burning!”(Paust.); Rimsky shrugged his shoulders and whispered to himself: “But for what?!”(Bulg.); I tell him: “Don’t cry, Egor, don’t.”(Spread); Philip mechanically moved the steering oar and kept thinking: “Maryushka, Marya...”(Shuksh.); I wanted to quickly get to the “office”, quickly pick up the phone, quickly hear the voice familiar to Dolin: “Is that you? It’s necessary, huh?”(Sol.);

3) the author’s words can break direct speech; if there is an exclamation or question mark at the place of the “break”, then it is preserved, then a dash follows before the words of the author, after these words a dot and a dash are placed (the second part of direct speech begins capitalized: “Eh! - he suddenly remembered. “And this one, for whom he made shelving... He said: whatever you need, contact me.”(Shuksh.); “What does heaven care about Matera? - Daria corrected herself. - This is a human matter. People have it in their hands, they control it.”(Spread); “Do I now give happiness to many people, as I did before? - thought Kiprensky. “Is it really only fools who try to arrange the well-being of their lives?”(Paust.);

4) if there should be an ellipsis at the place of the “break” of direct speech, then it is preserved and a dash is used after it; after the author’s words, a comma and a dash are placed if the second part of direct speech is not an independent sentence, or a dot and a dash if the second part of direct speech is an independent sentence (the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase or capital letter, respectively): “Wait...,” Lenka shouted, freeing his flaxen hair from his grandfather’s clumsy, trembling fingers, perking up a little. - As you say? Dust?"(M.G.); “Well, okay...” said the master, “a witch is a witch.” Very nice and luxurious!”(Bulg.);

The following combinations are also possible: The master shuddered, and Margarita, already accustomed to the extraordinary, cried out: “Yes, this is Azazello! Oh, how sweet it is, how good it is! - and, whispering to the master: “You see, you see, they don’t leave us!” - rushed to open(Bulg.); “How beautiful,” Ivan said without envy, but with sadness and some kind of tenderness, “you see how well everything turned out for you. But with me it’s not like that,” he thought and added thoughtfully: “But, by the way, maybe it’s like that...”(Bulg.);

6) if at the place of the “break” there should be no punctuation mark or there should be a comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the author’s words are highlighted with a comma and a dash (the second part of direct speech begins lowercase): “You can’t understand,” I whisper, calling Ruslan into the next room and closing the door, “because we are different creatures”(Trif.); “So, it’s wilted a little, on one side,” Asya giggled in a youthful way, wrinkles scattering across her face, “like a stale apple.”(Trif.); “Suddenly you sow,” Semyon thought, “and ordinary barley grows. Most likely this will happen. But you have to try. And most importantly, look again. Was he really alone in the whole field?(Sol.); “His young wife,” writes Jordan, “not wanting to see the great artist in such an unsightly form, often did not let him in, and he spent the night under the portico of his house.”(Paust.);

7) if there should be a dot at the place of the “break”, then a comma and a dash are placed before the author’s words, and after these words - a dot and a dash (the second part of direct speech begins capitalized): “They were disbanded before the verdict,” Dvornik said. “They will announce it tomorrow at nine o’clock in the evening.”(Trif.); “I had to disturb you, Margarita Nikolaevna and the master,” Woland spoke after some silence. “But you won’t complain to me.”(Bulg.);

8) if direct speech appears inside the words of the author, then a colon is placed in front of it (direct speech begins capitalized). After direct speech, punctuation marks are placed as follows:

comma is placed if it was necessary at the place of the “break” in the author’s words: Saying, “See you soon,” she quickly left the room.;

dash is placed if there is no punctuation mark at the place where the author’s words “break”: Overcoming awkwardness, he muttered a student witticism: “My grandmother fell ill with measles” - and wanted to give the conversation that had begun a casual lightness(Bond.); or if direct speech ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark: Pyotr Mikhailych wanted to say: “Please don’t get involved in your own affairs!” - but remained silent(Ch.); Their deliberately cheerful and monotonous exclamations when meeting: “Bah, Orestes, you’re still the same!” - the artist was mortally bored(Paust.); I would tell him. And then... there, she sympathized: “Is your daughter sick?” - Yegor was a kindly man, but he knew how to imitate so offensively it seems...(Shuksh.);

comma And dash are placed in the presence of replicas belonging to different persons: As he passed by, he shouted: “Cheer up!” “I’ll try,” I replied..

1. Direct speech can be directly included in the author's sentence as its member; such alien speech is placed in quotation marks, and punctuation marks are placed according to the terms of the author’s sentence: Having said the phrase “There is no easy life, there is only an easy death” to Grichmar, Krymov caught Stishov’s restless, warning glance(Bond.).

   Direct speech belonging to different persons is highlighted separately with quotation marks; when arranged in a selection, without indicating who owns the words, the replicas are separated from each other by a dash: “Is the samovar ready?” - “Not yet...” - “Why? Someone came there." - “Avdotya Gavrilovna”(M.G.).

   If one of the remarks is accompanied by the author’s words, then the next one is not separated by a dash: “You’re a widow, aren’t you?” - he asked quietly. "Third year". - “How long were you married?” - “A year and five months...”(M.G.); "You hear? - asked the master. “A thunderstorm is making noise...” “No, it’s my name, I have to go,” the master explained and got out of bed. “Wait! One more word"(Bulg.).

   Wed. also examples of possible combinations when combining cues and the author’s words (a dash is placed when different cues are placed in contact; there is no dash if the cues are separated by the author’s words): “Peter,” my mother said to my father after I was born, “don’t worry. I forgot to tie the thread on the spinning wheel. This means that our son will bring us happiness.” “I don’t know what it is,” said the father. “I don’t know very well either,” the mother answered, “but I think that the one who brings happiness to many people is happy.”(Paust.); When I finished the bust, Byron glanced at it and said: “You have not made me, but a prosperous man. I don’t look like your bust.” - “What’s wrong if a person is happy?” - I asked. “Thorvaldsen,” he said, and his face turned pale with anger, “happiness and prosperity are as different as marble and clay. Only fools or people with low souls can seek prosperity in our age. Is there really not a single feature on my face that speaks of bitterness, courage and suffering of thought? I bowed to him and replied: “You are right. My incisor has betrayed me. I rejoiced looking at your head, but joy clouds my eyes.” “We’ll meet again,” Byron said, shook my hand and left.(Paust.).

Quotes included in the author's text are formatted with punctuation according to the rules corresponding to the rules of punctuation when combining direct speech with the words of the author. The quotation is enclosed in quotation marks (i.e., the inclusion of a quotation in the author’s text is similar to the combination of direct speech and the author’s words):

1) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of ​​pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear.”(Ch.); Yu. Bondarev noted: “Man is a nature endowed with consciousness, slowly cognizing itself”; Remember the words of L.N. more often. Tolstoy: “A person has only responsibilities!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; At L.N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as an eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeat of his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes.”;

2) “Whoever shoots at the past with a pistol, the future will shoot at him with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky;

3) “To create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikola (December 19), - the book said, - the day is cold and clear - for the grain-bearing year"(Sol.);

4) Pascal's statement: “Whoever knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning is no longer simple” sounds aphoristic; Picasso’s words: “Art is an emanation of pain and sadness” have a deep meaning.

1. If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by an ellipsis (at the beginning of the quotation, in the middle or at the end). If an ellipsis appears at the beginning of a quotation, then the quotation begins with an uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on its location in relation to the author’s words:

   1) “...If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote L.N. Tolstoy in his diaries; “...The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) demand that I do something with them,” notes A. Akhmatova in “Prose about the Poem”; “...She did not take reality into account when creating her own,” recalls A.I. Tsvetaeva, reproaching Marina for self-will, for distorting the appearance of their mutual acquaintances;

   2) “The biography of the heroine... is written down in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov;

   3) “Goethe says somewhere that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language, but I always thought that this was not true...” wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke;

   4) M. Tsvetaeva writes to Rilke “...I don’t understand when they talk about French, Russian or other poets. A poet can write in French without being a French poet. Funny".

2. A quotation included in an author’s sentence as a component of it is highlighted in quotation marks (but begins with a lowercase letter), and punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the structure of the sentence itself: Thought L.N. Tolstoy’s “time is the relationship of the movement of one’s life to the movement of other beings”, expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content.

   If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a period is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: F. Iskander noted that “wisdom is a mind infused with conscience...”. Wed: Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; lordship is the most dangerous poison.” - Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death...” - Academician I.P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death...”

   If there is an ellipsis in the quotation, and the citing one abbreviates it, then the ellipsis placed by the quoting person is enclosed in square or angle brackets: “Did the description of his burial reach us... I learned a little about his death: he died in the morning, they write - as if quietly<...>, as if not knowing that he was dying (I’ll believe it!),” wrote M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak about the death of R.M. Rilke.

   When quoting, there may be a need to emphasize individual words of the quotation; in this case, the quoter stipulates this emphasis in parentheses: (our italics - N.V.); (our discharge - Ed.): “Anyone who wants to study a person in history must be able to analyze historical (emphasis added - N.V.) emotions”(Yu. Lotman).

   If the quoting person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands an abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: “Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva]. It’s flattering (to the heart)…” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927; “Perhaps you read the staircase? P<отому>h<то>Asya read. Get it from her, correct the typos,” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927.

   References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in parentheses; The period ending the quotation is moved out of brackets: “Art may go through times of decline, but it is eternal, like life itself.”(Shalyapin F.I. Pages from my life. M., 1990. P. 431); exclamation marks, question marks and ellipsis ending a quotation are kept before the parenthesis: “When will you rise, Freedom, will your golden ray shine?..”(F. Tyutchev); “Remain foam, Aphrodite, and, word, return to music, and, heart, be ashamed of hearts, merged with the fundamental principle of life!”(O. Mandelstam).

   If the quoted text already contains a quotation, then use quotation marks of different shapes - “petals” and “herringbones”: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that we cannot retreat back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.”(V. Rasputin).

White rose with black toad

I wanted to get married on earth.

S. Yesenin

You don't love me, you love mine!

I live with the feeling

parting...