Hello, dear readers of the blog site. There are so-called “false brothers” in the Russian language.

These are the same or similar sounding words, but which have fundamentally different meanings. Officially they are called paronyms.

The term is Greek - like many others, which are responsible for the beauty of language, be it allegory (?) or metaphor (?) and so on. Literally translated, it consists of two halves: “para” (next to, next to, equally) and “onyma” (name), that is, one can say, “ same name».

What are paronyms with examples

Paronyms are words that sound similar, but differ in meaning and meaning.

Most often we are talking about words with the same root, but which have different prefixes and suffixes (this phenomenon is called paronymy). And depending on this, the meaning changes radically (or only slightly).

1. BE WISE and WISE. In the first case it means gaining intelligence, becoming more intellectually developed, and in the second we are talking about overly abstruse ideas. There are even different shades here, positive “to be wise” and negative “to be wise.”
2. GENERAL and GENERAL. In the first case, we are talking about a specific military rank, for example, a general’s order or a general’s uniform, and in the second, the words “main, thorough,” for example, a general plan or a general staff.
3. SUBSCRIPTION and SUBSCRIBER. In the first case, we are talking about the right to use something or a document implying this right. For example, a concert or library subscription. But the second word is the person who owns this very subscription. For example, a telephone network subscriber, subscriber account card).

From these examples we can also conclude that paronyms can be any part of a sentence. In the first case it is a verb, in the second it is a modifier, in the third it is a noun.

There are also paronyms that are not the same root (this phenomenon is called paronomasia). To many people, such words, out of ignorance, seem close in meaning or coincident. As an example, the name of a popular TV program and others:

1. LET'S GO AND EAT- these are two verbs, but formed from different words. The first is derived from “to go”, and the second from “to eat”.
2. POLIS AND POLUS- the first word means a specific document, and the second means a point on the map or anywhere.
3. CLARINET AND CORNET- the first is a musical instrument, and the second is an outdated military rank.

The most problematic paronyms

There are a number of similar words that we often use in everyday life. But at the same time, many continue to confuse their meanings, and, accordingly, say something that is not what they intended. Or they look bad in the eyes of other, more educated interlocutors.

DRESS – WEAR

Probably the most “painful” paronym. You just need to remember once and for all - they dress someone else, but they put them on themselves. Or in another way - they always dress an animate face, but put on an inanimate one. For example, “the grandmother dressed her grandson” and “the lady put on her hat.”

IMMIGRATION – EMIGRATION

Entering another country and leaving your own. For example, “he immigrated to England” and “he emigrated from Russia.”

ADDRESSEE – ADDRESSER

Both words are associated with postal items. Only the addressee is the one who receives. And the addressee is who sends.

HYGIENIC – HYGIENIC

Again, the words are similar in meaning and relate to hygiene. But hygienic is about rules and means, for example, hygiene cream or hygienic working conditions. And hygienic - about some item that meets the rules of hygiene (hygienic shoes).

DIPLOMAT – DIPLOMANT

In the first case, we are talking about an Embassy employee or a type of suitcase. But diploma holders are people who participated in some event and received a diploma for it.

GUARANTEED AND GUARANTEED

Guaranteed is something approved that is beyond doubt, that you can always count on (guaranteed income, guaranteed result). And a warranty document contains a guarantee (letter, contract, service).

SELECTIVE and ELECTIVE

The first word implies a part of something, most often you hear “spot check”. The second thing is always connected with elections and voting.

ECONOMICAL, ECONOMICAL AND ECONOMICAL

The essence of the three words is the same - they mean the ability to spend less and save money. Only economical is about inanimate objects. For example, an economical kettle, that is, consuming less energy. But thrifty refers to people (thrifty housewife). And finally, the word “economic” characterizes global processes (economic crisis).

Dictionary of paronyms with the meaning of words

As I said above, there are also paronyms in the Russian language that sound similar to each other. But at the same time they have nothing more in common - different root, different meaning. For example:

1. EXCAVATOR AND ESCALATOR
2. VIRAZH AND STAINED GLASS

Often such words can be found, of course, in poetry. Where rhyme is used. For example, in Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin”:

Putting on a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard.

On the Unified State Exam, it is important to be able to distinguish between all these paronyms and understand their meaning. Therefore, on a separate page I present it, which will be very useful in preparation.

And, of course, a video on this topic will not be superfluous:

That's all you need to know about paronyms. I hope it was interesting and useful.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

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Classification of paronyms

Paronyms are divided into root, affix and etymological.

Root paronyms

Root paronyms have different roots, the external similarity of which is purely coincidental: Russian. excavator - escalator; English live - leave; German fordern - fördern. Such paronyms are not united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection.

Affixal paronyms

Affixal paronyms are united by a common motivation and a common semantic connection. They have a common root, but different, although similar, derivational affixes: rus. subscription - subscriber, economic - economical - economical; English historic - historical; German original - originell. Suffixal paronymy is widespread in medical and chemical terminology, where not only roots, but also suffixes have terminological meaning. For example, the suffix -ide in chemical terminology denotes a salt whose molecules do not contain oxygen atoms (chloride, sulfide, etc.), and -at - salts containing oxygen atoms (sulfate, carbonate, etc.).

Etymological paronyms

Etymological paronyms are the same word, borrowed by the language in different ways several times (through the mediation of different languages) and in different meanings: Russian. project (learned directly from Latin) - project (learned through the mediation of the French language); English concert (from French) - concerto (from Italian). Sometimes an original borrowing and a borrowing that has been contaminated under the influence of folk etymology can be used in parallel: Russian. ordinary - single.

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1. Definition of paronymy. The concept of paronymic nest.

2. Types of paronyms.

3. Reasons for the erroneous interchange of paronymous words. Paronymy in the system of lexical-semantic categories of language.

4. Definition of synonymy. The concept of synonymous series.

5. Functions of synonyms.

1. Definition of paronymy. The concept of paronymic nest.

Paronymy(from the Greek “near, around” + “name”) does not represent any special categorical lexical-semantic relationship in the system.

Paronyms- similar-sounding words of the same root with stress on the same syllable, attributed to one logical-grammatical series - one part of speech, one gender (and aspect, if these are verbs and their forms) - and denoting their concepts.

The mechanism of unintentional paronymic mixing of consonant words relies to a greater extent on the presence of word-formation and etymological connections, although phonetic consonance in words plays an important role. The closeness of the sound of paronyms is also determined by the stress.

Paronymic nest is a family of words that is characterized by the structural similarity of the words of each pair. Paronymic nests consist of pairs of words, mostly represented by word forms rather than lexemes. The core component in them is the root component.

Paronymic nests are formed from paronyms, pairs of which refer to different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).

Paronymic nests can be represented by two pairs of words. In a nest, the basic, core feature is always etymological. However, not all paronyms are necessarily in any nest of pairs.

The peculiarity of a paronymic nest is that it always includes two semantic concepts. Thanks to the richness and diversity of the morphological structure of the Russian language, it is possible to use different word-forming morphemes in two words that are close, but not identical in meaning. The meaning of paronymy, with a few exceptions (root paronyms), is expressed by affixal morphemes.

2. Types of paronyms. The lexical and grammatical difference in paronymous words is conveyed by affixes.

There are three types of paronyms: suffixal, prefix And root.

Paronymous words are characterized by an almost complete discrepancy in the spheres of lexical compatibility, which excludes the use of one paronymic lexeme instead of another in the same context.

Paronymy is a special, additional characteristic of the lexical meaning of a word and is included in the lexeme along with the subject-logical component. In the semantic structure of a word, it is similar to a stylistic characteristic reproduced together with the subject-logical meaning.

Introduced into the linguistic fabric of a work of art, paronyms serve as a means of creating an image, differentiate the speech of the characters and the author, and help convey the flavor of the era and place of action. Along with neutral words, among paronyms there are terms, archaisms, and colloquialisms that can be used as stylistic devices.

Paronymy should be distinguished from the phenomena of synonymy and homonymy.

Paronymy (Greek para - “near”) is the semantic relationship of similar, but not identical sememes, formally expressed by similar, but not identical lexemes.

From the definition it is clear that semantically and formally paronyms are close to single-root synonyms (close in meaning and form), and in form - also homonyms (close in form, sound and spelling). However, paronyms differ from both of them in that this proximity in PS and/or in PV never turns into identity, semantic, as in synonyms, or formal, as in homonyms. Therefore, paronyms form an independent linguistic category, the members of which are in equivalent formal and semantic opposition. Therefore, the category is considered formal-semantic, in contrast to formal (homonymy) and semantic (synonymy).

Traditionally, paronyms are words of one part of speech that are close in meaning and sound (usually the same root): NEIGHBORING (house - “located in the neighborhood”) - NEIGHBORING (cat - “belonging to neighbors”); EARTHLY (sphere - “relating to the earth”) - EARTHLY (floor - “made of earth”), IGNORANT - IGNORANT, SUBSCRIBER - SUBSCRIPTION, etc.

From the examples it is clear that paronyms (as opposed to synonyms) correspond to different, although similar concepts: SUBSCRIBER - a person, SUBSCRIPTION - a document. Their semantic differences can be emphasized by choosing synonyms and antonyms for them:

FULL - not hungry, full (person) - opposite: hungry

NUTRITIONAL - dense, high-calorie (dinner) - opposite: meager, light.

However, the proximity of paronyms to synonyms is sometimes very obvious, not always allowing these phenomena to be distinguished (ORANGE - ORANGE, DRESS - WEAR). This indicates that paronyms come in several types, both in meaning and structure.

O.P. Vishnyakova identifies the following types of paronyms:

1) complete (true, absolute, maximum) - words of the same root with stress on one syllable, relating to one part of speech and one LSG, they differ only in affixes: ZEMNY - ZEMLANY, VRYT - BLOW UP, MELODY - MELODICS;

2) incomplete - former synonyms, not yet fully delimited semantically: IRONIC - IRONIC, TOURIST - TOURIST, ORANGE - ORANGE;

3) partial (approximate, quasi-paronyms) - words with the same root, differing in stress, but the same in combinability: RAINY - RAINY, NOISY - NOISE, GROZNY - THUNDERSHIP.

From the point of view of structure, the paronyms are suffixed (FLOWERY - FLOWERY, TURTLE - TURTLE), prefixed (PRINTED - PRINTED, PRESENTED - PROVIDE) and root (IGNORANT - IGNORANT, RESURRECT - RESURRECT).

Paronyms are compared only in the form of one number (singular or plural): REMAINS - REMAINS (not possible: REMAINDER - REMAINS).

In artistic speech, paronyms are used as an important stylistic device when their semantic differences are consciously emphasized by the author. For example: “I am disturbed by the futility of meetings, which neither my heart nor my mind, and that is not festivity, but the idleness that reigns in my home” (E. Yevtushenko).

Paronymy correlates with paronomasia (paronomasia) - a stylistic device of deliberately bringing together consonant words (and not only paronyms) for the purpose of imagery and emotional impact on the reader: “There, behind the mountains of grief, there is no end to the sunny land” (V. Mayakovsky). V.P. Grigoriev calls this technique paronymic attraction.

The semantic and formal similarity of paronyms, ignorance of the meanings or their subtle semantic differences often leads to speech errors - confusion of paronyms: “I was given a subscription to the pool” (follows: subscription) or “Business travelers have arrived” (follows: business travelers).

To avoid such mistakes, in order to improve the culture of speech, dictionaries of paronyms are created (usually for educational purposes).

The first dictionary of paronyms was published in 1971 (author N.P. Kolesnikov), in which paronymy is understood broadly, i.e. paronyms are considered not only words with the same root, but also simply consonant words (for example, CARTON - CORDON, SHECKOLDA - ANKLE).

In the “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” O.V. Vishnyakova presents only paronyms with the same root, based on her interpretation of this category. It shows the meaning and compatibility of paronyms, their synonyms and antonyms.

In 1994, “Dictionary of Russian Language Paronyms” was published by Yu.A. Belchikova and M.S. Panyushev, which is an expanded reissue of the earlier dictionary of these authors “Difficult cases of using cognate words of the Russian language” (1968).

The technique of paronymic attraction is described in “Materials for the Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” by V.P. Grigorieva, N.A. Kozhevnikova and Z.Yu. Petrova (1992).

Thus, systemic lexical-semantic connections between words are carried out within the framework of certain lexical categories, the main ones of which we have considered. However, vocabulary groupings are not limited to these categories (see, for example: Kobozeva). The categories considered are simply the most studied and traditional. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to them.

All information on this topic is collected in a reference diagram (See* Appendix 1. Diagram No. 4. Lexico-semantic connections of words).

In the practice of oral speech, many people often have difficulties of various kinds, and they are forced to turn to dictionaries, of which there are many: spelling, grammatical, paronyms, etc. It is not always easy to figure out which one to turn to.
This reference book is compiled on the basis of materials from several types of linguistic dictionaries. It is structured as follows: it includes words that are most often pronounced incorrectly (a significant number of such words are used when preparing practical tasks for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language); a list of words is given, the placement of stress in which depends on their meaning; Paronymous words are presented, the differentiation of which is difficult.
The dictionary-reference book is primarily intended for primary and secondary school students, tutors preparing graduates for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the norms of modern literary pronunciation.

Detailed description

Introduction

Unified state exam in Russian language? a serious test for graduates, because it is a test of students’ knowledge acquired over the entire course of high school. Test examination tasks are designed in such a way that they cover the main sections of the academic subject “Russian Language”. Among other skills, practical knowledge of the Russian language and compliance with language standards are tested.

Our dictionary-reference book contains information that will help you prepare well for the Unified State Exam; in addition, its materials will be useful to schoolchildren, students, and teachers? everyone who is interested in the modern Russian language and strives to improve their speech. You need to learn to speak correctly throughout your life.

When compiling the reference book, materials from several types of linguistic dictionaries were used.

The first part of the collection is a dictionary of accents. The words were selected taking into account a preliminary analysis of Unified State Examination tasks, based on the orthoepic minimum for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. (It must be said that the largest number of mistakes made by graduates when solving tests is related to the placement of stress). In addition, it includes terms that schoolchildren encounter when studying mathematics, literature, history and other subjects, a list of words is presented, the emphasis in which depends on their meaning, words are placed that until recently had a limited scope of use, but are now quite often sound in our speech (unfortunately, it is not always possible to hear their correct pronunciation). They denote concepts related to religion.

The second part of the reference book includes words that cause lexical and grammatical difficulties. This includes difficult cases of forming forms of nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals, as well as examples of their use in oral and written speech.

Practice shows that even good knowledge of the native language does not prevent the speaker from making mistakes. An analysis of the Unified State Exam tests completed by graduates showed that the meanings of words were not always determined correctly (a task in which it is proposed to correct a lexical error by selecting the desiredparonym). The third part of the dictionary-reference book contains words that have the same meaning, but have peculiarities in use.

And the reference book ends with a dictionary of paronyms, which contains the most common paronymic combinations.

Our language is living, it is constantly changing, but in every language there are norms of literary pronunciation, and their knowledge determines the speech culture of a person and society as a whole. This is why dictionaries are created, which should be a reference book for each of us. Open them not only to find out how to pronounce a word, what is needed to complete any task, but also if you hear an unusually pronounced or new word for you, and you will be able to achieve the desired goal: your speech will become literate, will correspond to the norms of literary language.

Introduction 3

Accent Dictionary 5

Words with double, fluctuating stress 51

Homograph words 54

Dictionary of difficulties 65

Difficult cases of forming forms of nouns 65

Prepositional singular endings 73

Pronunciation of verbs and numerals 75

Some features of the use of words that have the same meaning 76

Dictionary of paronyms 102

Literature 141