We visited a small supermarket speech error. Speech errors: types, causes, examples. Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

Let's learn to speak correctly.
Correcting speech errors

The proposed tasks will help schoolchildren learn to find, classify, and correct speech errors and shortcomings.

1. This model is for display purposes only and is not for sale.

2. I borrowed a thousand rubles to my neighbor until February.

3. The boy did not answer anything, but only blinked his eyes.

4. The court found him guilty of committing a crime.

5. His father was a real polyglot: he could answer questions from any field of knowledge in detail and thoroughly.

6. The rescuers saw that a man was drowning in the sea.

7. The wounded Prince Andrei fell face down. When he woke up, he saw a high, endless sky.

8. Katerina’s mother-in-law constantly taught life to the household.

9. Our products are imported to many countries around the world.

10. I switched to a more economical tariff.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences in which any word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it. (2, 5, 7, 8, 9.)

2) Mark sentences with violations of stylistic compatibility. (3, 6.)

3) Mark the sentences in which its paronym should be used instead of the word. (1, 4, 10.)

Answers: 1 - demonstration, 2 - lent or lent, 3 - blinked, 4 - guilty, 5 - encyclopedist, 6 - drowning, 7 - fell backward, 8 - mother-in-law, 9 - exported, 10 - economical.

1. Conversation with this person was important.

2. Beautiful curtains decorated the room.

3. I want to raise a toast to the health of the birthday boy.

4. The contents of the package must be filled with hot boiling water.

5. To enhance the reader's experience, the author narrates in the first person.

6. Gogol’s story “The Overcoat” tells the story of the life of the official Bashmachkin.

7. Our agency provides students with many available vacancies.

8. This victory came at a high price.

9. You don't see obvious facts.

10. This store has expensive prices.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with violation of lexical compatibility. (1, 3, 5, 10.)

2) Mark the sentences in which the same root words are used nearby. (2, 6, 9.)

3) Mark the sentences that use extra words. (4, 7.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 – played an important role or was of great importance, 2 - magnificent curtains, 3 - raise a glass or make a toast, 4 - hot water or boiling water, 5 – to enhance the impression, 6 – talks about life, 7 – many vacancies, 9 – you don’t notice, 10 – high prices.

1. It was Sophia who started the rumor that Chatsky was crazy.

2. My brother graduated from school with a medal.

3. You brought me to my knees.

4. Thirty tons of carrots were delivered to the city stores.

5. Our physics teacher got sick, so the lesson was postponed.

6. I was so tired from the long journey that I was neither alive nor dead.

7. Dear students! Urgently submit your records to the dean's office.

8. I signed this agreement with a creaky heart.

9. The court decided to divide the property between the spouses.

10. My sister shed crocodile tears when the heroine of the film died.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences that violate the form of the phraseological unit. (3, 8.)

2) Mark sentences with incorrect use of phraseological units. (6, 10.)

3) Replace colloquial and colloquial words and expressions in sentences with neutral ones. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.)

4) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 – lost my mind, 2 – graduated, 3 – white-hot, 4 – carrots, 5 – physics teacher, 6 – I was very tired from the long march (neither alive nor dead from fear), 7 – grade books, 8 – reluctantly , 9 - about the division, 10 - she cried bitterly.

1. Onegin thinks that he cannot love anymore, and he was mistaken.

2. Mom wrapped her daughter in a shawl and took her away.

3. Our publishing house published a book that was popular among readers who love detective stories.

5. Katerina wants her husband to take her with him, but Tikhon refused.

6. The hero goes to another world, and then the hero becomes disappointed in it.

7. This device, which appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in the sale of household appliances, was appreciated by many customers.

8. The hero does not like to talk about his past life, and therefore he was not understood.

9. When I first read this book, I remembered the summer when I went to the sea.

10. Chatsky wants to change the life of Famusov’s Moscow, and he partially succeeds.

Tasks

1) Mark the sentences with a violation of the aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms. (1, 8, 9.)

2) Mark the sentences in which pronouns are used poorly. (2, 4.)

3) Mark poorly constructed sentences. (3, 7, 9.)

4) Mark sentences with unnecessary repetition of words. (6, 9.)

5) Write down the corrected options.

Answers: 1 - Onegin thinks...... and is mistaken, 2 - and takes away the girl, 3 - among readers who love detective stories, 4 - about the consequences of actions committed by a person, 5 - but Tikhon refuses, 6 - the hero leaves for another world, but then is disappointed in it, 7 - this device, which appeared on the shelves of stores that specialize in selling household equipment, was appreciated by many buyers, 8 - they do not understand it, 9 - reading this book for the first time, I remembered my summer trip to the sea.

Often masters of words in their works deviate from speech norms, achieving a certain artistic effect. Find deviations from speech norms in the given fragments of literary works and say what effect the authors achieve.

1. The whole room is illuminated with an amber shine.
The flooded stove crackles with a cheerful sound...

(A. Pushkin. Winter morning)

(Resorting to tautologycrackles, the author conveys the sound that the lyrical hero of the poem hears.)

2. The moon makes its way through the wavy fogs,
She pours a sad light onto the sad meadows.

(A. Pushkin. Winter road)

(Tautology(she pours a sad light onto the sad meadows) helps the author to concentrate the reader’s attention on the emotional state of the lyrical hero.)

3. The conversations fell silent for a moment;
The mouth is chewing.

(A. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)

(Combination of words of different styles(mouth chews) creates a comic effect.)

4. And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.

(F. Tyutchev. Dreams)

(Pleonasm(surrounded on all sides) emphasizes the complete immersion of the lyrical hero in the world of sleep.)

5. Green noise goes and hums,
Green noise, spring noise.

(N. Nekrasov. Green noise)

(A combination of words with contradictory meaningsGreen noise (catachresis) helps the author create a single visual-auditory image; lexical repetition in the first and second lines draws the reader's attention to this image.)

VI. Edit a piece of your essay.

All the images of the poem, depicted Gogol, are interesting in their own way.

Reader reading page after page, laughing at pretentious Manilov, above brutal Sobakevich, above blunt Box, above constantly lying scoundrel Nozdrev, and miser Plyushkin, collecting everything trash, – this is actually something. But especially Chichikov attracted my attention, somewhat similar and at the same time unlike to other characters in the poem.

Chichikov is similar to Manilov in that knew how to suck up to the right people similar on Sobakevich in that he can insist on his own, similar on Nozdryov by what he comes up with all sorts of scams, similar on Korobochka and Plyushkin by putting necessary and unnecessary things in a drawer.

But at the same time, Chichikov is significantly different from the other heroes of the poem. If heroic landowners are parasites, then Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood he was businessman, knew how to invest money profitably and get fat. So, when he was in school, he sold buns that he bought in advance, starving comrades and benefited from it.

But when the hero became an adult, not a single one of him the case didn't work out. Most likely, Gogol is punishing your hero because, for all his business qualities, he is an immoral person. So, for example, he did not help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student; working in the treasury chamber, while seeking a promotion, he deceived the police chief and his daughter.

Approximate corrected version

All the images of the poem,created Gogol, are interesting in their own way.Reading the page behind the page,We we laugh at the mannered Manilov andrude Sobakevich, abovestupid In a box and constantlya lying rogue Nozdrev; Amiser Plyushkin, collecting unnecessary things, producesspecial impression . Butmost attracted my attention Chichikov, somewhat similar to other heroes of the poem,but at the same time different from them .

Chichikov resembles Manilov in thatcan gain confidence to the right people;the hero’s ability to insist on his own makes him similar with Sobakevich;like Nozdrev, Chichikov comes up withdifferent scams; Astorage necessary and unnecessary things in the drawerbrings closer together hero with Plyushkin and Korobochka.

But,unlike idle landowners , Chichikov constantly sets new goals for himself and tries to achieve them. Already in childhood hebusinessman who knows how to invest money profitably and getprofit . So, while still a schoolboy, he sells buns purchased in advancehungry comrades and benefits from it.

However, the matured herocan't succeed in anything . Most likely, Gogol is punishingChichikova for the fact that, for all his business qualities, a hero–immoral person. For example, Chichikovrefuses help to his old teacher, who considered Pavlusha the best student;serving in the government chamber and seeking a promotion, the hero deceives the police officer and his daughter.

I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary
Lyceum at MSTU. Nosova

Speech is a channel for the development of intelligence,
the sooner the language is acquired,
the easier and more completely the knowledge will be absorbed.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

We think of speech as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intelligence and a way of understanding the complex connections of nature, things, society and transmitting this information through communication.

It is obvious that when learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this regard. All people make mistakes, both in speech and in speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as the idea of ​​“”, is inextricably linked with the concept of speech error. In essence, these are parts of the same process, and, therefore, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's figure out what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live, work and communicate normally with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors given below is Doctor of Philology Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Tseitlin writes: “The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's look at special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or spelling errors arise as a result of violation of the rules of spelling. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. These also include accentological errors - violation of stress norms. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plotlit” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktrichesky” (“electric”), “colidor” ("corridor"), "laboratory" ("laboratory"), "tyshcha" ("thousand"), "shchas" ("now").

Accent: “calls”, “dialogue”, “agreement”, “catalogue”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beets”, “phenomenon”, “driver”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors are violations of the rules of vocabulary, first of all, the use of words in meanings that are unusual for them, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They come in several types.

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type there are three subtypes:

• Mixing words that are similar in meaning: “He read the book back.”
• Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, colossus - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
• A mixture of words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diploma holder, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignoramus. “Cashier for business travelers” (required – business travelers).

Word writing. Examples of errors: Georgian, heroism, underground, spender.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the lines of their material meanings. For example, you cannot say: “ I raise this toast", since “to lift” means “to move,” which is not consistent with the wish. “Through a door that is ajar” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (open a little) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “the month of May”, “traffic route”, “residence address”, “huge metropolis”, “be on time”. Tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “We were given a task,” “The organizer was a public organization,” “I wish you long creative life.”

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in a meaning that is unusual for them. Yu. V. Fomenko identifies 7 varieties:

• Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “As long as the matter is the case” instead of “As long as the trial is the case”;
• Truncation of phraseological units: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseological unit: “beat his head against the wall”);
• Expansion of the lexical composition of phraseological units: “You have come to the wrong address” (phraseological unit: go to the right address);
• Distortion of the grammatical form of a phraseological unit: “I can’t stand sitting with my hands folded.” Correct: “folded”;
• Contamination (combination) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything with your sleeves folded” (a combination of phraseological units “carelessly” and “hands folded”);
• Combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "Random stray bullet";
• Use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: “Today we will talk about the film from cover to cover.”

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers away”.

Syntax errors

Syntactic errors are associated with violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules of combining words. There are a lot of varieties, so we will give just a few examples.

• Incorrect matching: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
• Mismanagement: “Pay for travel”;
• Syntactic ambiguity: “Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression”(have you read Mayakovsky or have you read Mayakovsky’s works?);
• Design offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention”;
• Extra correlative word in the main clause: “We looked at those stars that dotted the whole sky.”

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of writing, hyphenation, and abbreviation of words. Characteristic of speech. For example: “the dog barked”, “sit on the chairs”, “come to the train station”, “Russian. language", "gram. error".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks.

Stylistic errors

We have dedicated a separate section to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Work on your speech should include:

1. Reading fiction.
2. Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
3. Communication with educated people.
4. Constant work to improve speech culture.

Online course “Russian language”

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course “to” to these topics. During the classes, you will have the opportunity to practice competent writing skills using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Sources

• Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. – St. Petersburg, 1997.
• Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
• Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors...
• Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. – Novosibirsk: NSPU, 1994.
• Tseytlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Education, 1982.

49. Types of speech errors: methods of working to prevent and correct them.

Types and examples of speech errors

Speech errors – These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech.

Using words with meanings that are unusual for them. Example:

We were shocked by the excellent performance of the players. Repetition of cognate words in one sentence (tautology):

The writer vividly describes the events of that day. Speech impairment (occurs when the right word is missed).

The car lost both. A mixture of vocabulary from different historical eras.

Anna Sergeevna and the prince went to get married at the registry office. Pleonasm (hidden tautology). Example:.

colleagues Using unnecessary words.

A young girl, very beautiful. Poor use of pronouns.

This text was written by K. Ivanov. It refers to an artistic style. Unjustified repetition of words.

Maria loves flowers. Maria knows everything about them.

Causes of speech errors

“The complexity of the speech generation mechanism is a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors” Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin.

The main causes of speech errors are: Misunderstanding of the meaning of a word (when a word is used in a meaning that is unusual for it).

The fire grew hotter and hotter. The use of synonyms (each such word can have its own functional and stylistic connotation, this leads to speech errors). For example:"blunder" - professional jargon, but"hole"

- a colloquial word.

The use of polysemantic words (when using them, be sure to make sure that they are understandable to the interlocutor).

Lexical incompleteness of the statement (an important word is missing). Use of outdated words. (Example:

Now everything in the store is at a discount).

Words of foreign origin (if you have a passion for borrowed words, be sure to find out their exact meaning). Errors in word formation (for example:

they want; dog kennel; on the forehead, etc.) Incorrect use of paronyms (words that are similar in sound, usually one part of speech, but different in meaning and structure)..

For example: addressee - addressee Lack of lexical compatibility in a sentence.

Inappropriate use of dialectisms (expressions or ways of speech used by people of a particular locality). For example: The scavenger came to me and sat there until the morning.(

Shaberka - neighbor).

When choosing words, you need to pay attention to their meaning, usage, stylistic coloring, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors Often in the speech of people (especially very young people) there are lexical and stylistic errors, i.e. the use of words in an inaccurate or unusual meaning (and the reason for this is ignorance of the meaning of the word). IN book “Speech Secrets” edited by T. A. Ladyzhenskaya

options for working to prevent and eliminate these errors are presented.

In the meantime, we offer you our selection designed to prevent speech errors:

Communicate with literate and educated people.

Visit theaters, museums, trainings.

Constantly monitor your speech (pronounce words correctly).