Logical, semantic principle of Russian punctuation. Three principles of Russian punctuation Structural syntactic principle of Russian punctuation
Russian language lesson. Grade 11. Principles of Russian punctuation. Functions of punctuation marks. Punctuation (Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point), a system of punctuation marks in the writing of a language, rules for their use; their arrangement in the text; along with graphics and spelling, it is the main element of written speech. It is known that until the 15th century there were no punctuation marks in books. How many punctuation marks are there in the Russian punctuation system at present? Do we know how to take advantage of the opportunities that a harmonious system of punctuation marks provides? Principles of Russian punctuation Structural principle Semantic principle Intonation principle The use of punctuation marks is determined primarily by the structure of the sentence, its syntactic structure. So. The main principle on which modern Russian punctuation is built is the structural (or syntactic) principle; the structure of the sentence is associated with the use of: a period that fixes the end of the sentence; signs between parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight various constructions as part of a simple sentence (isolated members, homogeneous members, addresses, introductory and other constructions). For example: It is known, 1 (that, 2 (in order to see the desired mushroom in the forest, 3 a bird, 4 hiding in the branches, 5 a bird’s nest, 6 a nut on a branch -7 in a word, 8 everything), 9 (which is rarely seen and one way or another hides from view),10 you need to keep in mind that),11 (what you are looking for).12 Here punctuation marks reflect the structure of the sentence: 1 - a comma separates the subordinate clause from the main one; 2 - a comma at the junction of conjunctions with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses; 2, 10 - commas highlight subordinate clauses within another subordinate clause with sequential subordination; 3, 6 - commas separate homogeneous members connected without union; 4, 5 - commas highlight the participial phrase after the word being defined; 7 - dash after a homogeneous row before the generalizing word; 8 - a comma highlights an introductory construction; 9, 11 - commas separate subordinate clauses in sequential subordination; 12 - a period indicates the end of a sentence. The second principle on which punctuation rules are based is the semantic principle. The syntactic division of the text (including a separate sentence) is associated with its semantic division and in most cases coincides with it. However, it often happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural division and dictates one or another arrangement of punctuation marks (their choice or place). Place punctuation marks in the following phrase (the title of one of the articles in the newspaper “Arguments and Facts”) to get several options for semantic content. Stop chewing, let's read. Stop! Let's chew, read... Enough. Chew? Let's! Read? Stop chewing - let's read. (An article about the need to carefully study what is written on the product packaging.) What guided you when placing punctuation marks? What function does the dash serve in this sentence? The dash in the BSP, in the second part, the opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the 1st part (the conjunction a, but can be inserted between the parts). The semantic principle also allows for so-called “author’s” signs. For example: Without a twig in his hand, at night, he, without hesitation at all, galloped alone towards the wolves (I. Turgenev). The first two commas are “author’s” signs; they are not required by the structure of the sentence. But thanks to this author’s isolation, the signs that are indicated by circumstances without a twig in the hand, at night, turn out to be highlighted, their exclusivity is emphasized. In the absence of commas, this important shade of meaning for the author disappears. Russian punctuation partly reflects intonation (and this is the third, intonation principle). For example, intonation is determined by: the choice of a period or exclamation mark at the end of a sentence (non-exclamatory or exclamatory intonation), the choice of a comma or exclamation mark after an address, the placement of an intonation dash, etc. However, there is no literal coincidence between punctuation marks and intonation. This is manifested, on the one hand, in the fact that not all pauses in writing correspond to punctuation marks, and on the other hand, in the fact that a comma can be used where there is no pause in oral speech. For example: 1) In the sentence Short speeches/are always more meaningful/and are capable of causing/a strong impression (M. Gorky) there are three pauses, but there are no punctuation marks. 2) In the sentence, the boy carried some kind of bundle under his arm/ and, turning towards the pier,/ began to descend along a narrow and steep path (M. Lermontov) between the conjunction and and the gerund, turning the comma, there is, and there is no pause in oral speech; on the contrary, before this conjunction there is a pause, but there is no comma. Thus, modern punctuation is based on structure, meaning, and intonation division of speech in their interaction. Functions of punctuation marks Distinctive, - : "" () Dividing.?!;, Punctuation marks 1 Period Function of signs Dividing the text into grammatically and semantically significant parts 2 Ellipsis A. Separating B. Sign of emotional tension C. Emphasizes the inexhaustibility of the conveyed content D. Signal of deliberate omission of parts Example 3 Exclamation mark A. Convey the appropriate intonation B. Indicate the purpose of the sentence or 4 Questioner its emotional connotation - sign 5 Comma A. Dividing the text into grammatically and semantically significant parts B. Isolating particularly significant parts in the sentence 6 Semicolon Dividing the text into significant parts grammatical and semantic relation of part 7 Dash A. Means the omission of a connective in the predicate (the subject and predicate are expressed by a noun, numeral, infinitive, phrase with a noun in the ip.) B. Means the omission of members of a sentence C. Transfer of meanings of condition, time, comparison, consequences, comparisons in the BSP D. Separates homogeneous members from the generalizing word E. Means compositional, intonation, semantic surprise F. Identification of particularly significant parts in a sentence (isolation, highlighting of words and combinations that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence) 8 Colon Explanatory and explanatory (separates homogeneous members from the generalizing word, the words of the author from direct speech, parts of the BSP) 9 Brackets Isolation of particularly significant parts in a sentence (isolation, highlighting of words and combinations that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence) 10 Quotation marks Isolation of quotes, “alien speech” Read text. Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence, indicate how it is expressed. Explain the placement of punctuation marks and indicate their function. 1. Russia is not only a state... 2. It is a superstate, an ocean, an element that has not yet taken shape, has not entered its destined shores. 3. It has not yet sparkled in its sharpened and faceted concepts in its originality, as a rough diamond begins to sparkle in a diamond. 4. She is still in forebodings, in fermentations, in endless desires and endless organic possibilities.5. Russia is an ocean of land, spanning a full sixth of the world and holding the West and the East in touch with its open wings.6. Russia is seven blue seas; mountains crowned with white ice; Russia – the furry stubble of endless forests, the carpets of windy and flowering meadows.7. Russia is endless snow, over which dead silver snowstorms sing, but on which the scarves of Russian women are so bright, snow, from under which dark violets and blue snowdrops emerge in gentle springs.<…>8. Russia is a country of unheard of, richest treasures that... lurk in its deep depths.9. Russia is a country of Byzantine domes, ringing bells and blue incense that rush from the great and faded heir of Rome - Byzantium, the second Rome. 10. And they give Russia unheard-of beauty, captured in Russian art.<...>Homework: 1) continue filling out the table “Functions of Punctuation Marks”, determining the functions of the comma in the text of the exercise...; 2) write a miniature essay “Ellipses - traces on the tiptoes of bygone words” (V.V. Nabokov).
The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural division, that is, the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.
In a sentence The hut is thatched, with a chimney comma between combinations thatched And with pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, consequently, the grammatical and semantic relevance of the prepositional-case form with pipe to a noun hut.
In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: Inner lightness appeared. Walks freely on the streets, to work(Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work(designation of one action). In the original version there is a designation for two different actions: walks the streets, that is, walks, and goes to work. More examples: 1) She talked for a long time, only about him. 2) She talked for a long time only about him; 1) The three in front of the photo, tense. 2) The three people in front of the photo are tense.
Such punctuation marks help establish semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence and clarify the structure of the sentence.
The semantic function is also performed by ellipses , which helps to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and goal... in the air; History of peoples... in dolls; Skiing... picking berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (and often with emotional overtones).
The location of the sign, dividing the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts, also plays a large role in understanding the text.
Wed: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the condition is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, focusing attention on the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the condition with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of a sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: For a long time, a tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo. They gave her this nickname because she was actually orphaned at an early age.(gas.). The dismemberment of the conjunction is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, it is necessary to indicate the reason, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.
On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since they are the ones who convey the necessary meanings in written speech. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew, the train started moving.
Often, with the help of punctuation marks, the specific meanings of words are clarified, that is, the meaning contained in them in a given context. Thus, a comma between two adjective definitions (or participles) brings these words closer together semantically, that is, it makes it possible to highlight common shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being similar in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The darkness of spruce needles is painted in thick, heavy oil.(Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her home in Leningrad, I saw her off at the cozy, small station(Paust.); Thick, slow snow was falling(Paust.); Cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves(Gran.). If we take the words out of context thick And heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic, then it is difficult to catch something common in these pairs, since these possible associative convergences are in the sphere of secondary, non-primary, figurative meanings, which become basic in the context.
Structural (or syntactic) principle. The use of punctuation marks is determined primarily by the structure of the sentence, its syntactic structure. For example, the use of a period that marks the end of a sentence is associated with the structure of the sentence; signs between parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight various constructions as part of a simple sentence (isolated members, homogeneous members, addresses, introductory and other constructions). No.: Known,1 (which,2 (in order to see in the forest there is a necessary mushroom, 3 a bird* hiding in the branches, 5 a bird's nest, 6 a nut on a branch7- in a word,8 everything),9 (What rarely comes across and one way or another hiding from the eyes),10 must be kept in mind then), (that looking for). Here, punctuation marks reflect the structure of the sentence: 1 - a comma separates the subordinate clause from the main one; 2 - a comma at the junction of conjunctions with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses; 2, 10 - commas highlight subordinate clauses within another subordinate clause with sequential subordination; 3, 6 - commas separate homogeneous members connected without union; 4, 5 - commas highlight the participial phrase after the word being defined; 7 - dash after a homogeneous row before the generalizing word; 8 - a comma highlights an introductory construction; 9, 11 - commas separate subordinate clauses in sequential subordination; 12 - a period indicates the end of a sentence. These marks are strictly required and cannot be copyrighted.
Semantic principle. The syntactic division of the text (including a separate sentence) is connected with its semantic division and in most cases coincides with it. However, it often happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural division and dictates one or another arrangement of punctuation marks (their choice or place). Example: 1) In a sentence The groom was friendly and very important, then he was intelligent and very wealthy (M. Gorky) a dash indicates that the word Then here it means “in addition.” In the absence of a dash Then would have the meaning “after something”, “subsequently”, inappropriate in this case. 2) Offer Your application must be reviewed by a committee(without punctuation) expresses the speaker’s confidence in the reliability of what is being reported. And the proposal Your application must be reviewed by a committee(with an introductory construction) - uncertainty, conjecture. Semantic principle also allows so-called “author’s” marks. No.: Without a twig in his hand, at night, he, without hesitation at all, galloped alone among the wolves (I. Turgenev). The first two commas are “author’s” signs; they are not required by the structure of the sentence. But thanks to this author’s isolation, the signs that are indicated by circumstances without a twig in hand, at night, are highlighted, their exclusivity is emphasized. In the absence of commas, this important shade of meaning for the author disappears.
Thus, in all these examples, signs act as distinguishers of meaning, which determines a certain structure of the sentence.
Intonation principle. For example, intonation determines the choice of a period or exclamation mark at the end of a sentence (non-exclamatory or exclamatory intonation), the choice of a comma or exclamation mark after an address, the placement of an intonation dash, etc. However, there is no literal coincidence between punctuation marks and intonation. This is manifested, on the one hand, in the fact that not all pauses in writing correspond to punctuation marks, and on the other hand, in the fact that a comma can be used where there is no pause in oral speech. Example: 1) In a sentence Short speeches/are always more meaningful/and are capable of causing a strong impression (M. Gorky) three pauses and no punctuation. 2) In a sentence The boy was carrying some kind of bundle under his arm and, turning towards the pier, began to descend along a narrow and steep path (M. Lermontov) between the union And and gerunds turning there is a comma, but there is no pause in oral speech; on the contrary, before this conjunction there is a pause, but there is no comma.
The stability of the Russian punctuation system is explained primarily by the fact that the principles that define it make it possible to convey in writing the semantic, syntactic, and, to a large extent, intonation structure of speech. Punctuation marks in most cases divide the text into syntactic units that are related in meaning and intonationally designed.
No.: Terkin - who is he?
Let's be honest:
He's just an ordinary guy himself.
However, the guy is good.
There's always a guy like that in every company,
And in every platoon.
In this text, a question mark and dots indicate the boundaries of independent syntactic units - sentences expressing in each case a relatively complete thought. These punctuation marks also characterize the purpose and intonation of the statement and indicate long pauses at the end of the sentence. The dash in the first sentence connects the nominative topic (Terkin) with the second developing part of the sentence (who is he?) and indicates a warning intonation and a pause between parts of the sentence. A colon connects the second part of a complex non-union sentence with the first and indicates explanatory intonation and explanatory semantic relationships between the parts of the sentence. The comma highlights the introductory word and corresponds to the pause and intonation that accompanies the introductory words. The comma in the last sentence separates the connecting structure (and in each platoon) and also corresponds to a pause.
The principles on which the system of Russian punctuation rules is based were comprehended and formulated gradually.
- Thus, V.K. Trediakovsky believed that “punctuation is a division of words, members and entire speeches, depicted by certain signs, in reading to the concept of content and serving as a rest, and also indicating the order of composition.” In other words, V.K. Trediakovsky saw the purpose of punctuation (“punctuation”) in the semantic, intonational and syntactic division of speech.
- M.V. Lomonosov emphasized the semantic and syntactic functions of punctuation marks: “Lowcase marks are placed according to the strength of the mind and its location to conjunctions.”
- logical (semantic);
- syntactic;
- intonation.
F. I. Buslaev wrote about the use of punctuation marks: “Since through language one person conveys thoughts and feelings to another, then punctuation marks have a dual purpose: 1) contribute to clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part from another , and 2) express the sensations of the speaker’s face and his attitude towards the listener.”
We find a syntactic understanding of punctuation words in J.K. Grot and
S.K. Bulich, who believed that punctuation makes the syntactic structure of speech clear.
In the works of J.K. Grot, it is important to indicate the connection between the punctuation system and the general nature of the syntactic structure of sentences and written speech. He draws attention to a noticeable tendency in contemporary literature to abandon “overly complex or common sentences” and use more “short speech.” “An abrupt speech consists of expressing yourself in as short sentences as possible for greater simplicity and clarity of presentation and thus allowing the reader to pause more often. In relation to the use of punctuation marks, this means: between two points, do not accumulate too many sentences that are mutually dependent or closely connected with each other, and, moreover, arrange them so that they can be determined from one another, at least by a semicolon or colon. An excessive set of subordinate clauses between main clauses confuses and obscures speech.”
J.K. Grot outlined the punctuation rules with punctuation marks: for each sign all cases of its use are indicated; each rule is illustrated by one or more examples from works of the late 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, but, due to J. K. Grot’s dislike of authors of a later period, some of his rules became outdated by the end of the 19th century.
And yet, the rules of punctuation that he formulated, together with his spelling rules, as mentioned above, entered the everyday life of the school, and through it into the practice of printing. For everyday use, they turned out to be quite clear and convenient, since they were based on the syntactic structure of sentences, which the writers learned in the school grammar course.
The transfer of the intonation side of speech seems to be the main task of punctuation to A. Kh. Vostkov, I. I. Davydov, A. M. Peshkovsky, L. V. Shcherba.
In cases where the choice of punctuation mark is determined by the differentiation of semantic connections between words or semantic relationships between parts of a complex sentence, there are punctuation options, which in oral speech correspond to various intonation features of the statement. In such situations, punctuation marks in written speech and intonation in oral speech are interconnected and have the same function - they perform a meaningful function.
However, the meaning of the statement is inextricably linked with the grammatical structure and intonation of the sentence. This explains the fact that the rules for placing punctuation marks in force in modern Russian writing cannot be reduced to any one of the listed principles, and individual punctuation marks in each specific case of use emphasize either the logical, or syntactic, or intonation structure of speech or are syntactic - at the same time they divide the text into semantic and syntactic segments, characterize its semantic and intonation structure, etc.
Returning to the historical aspects of this issue, we will consider the works of A. M. Peshkovsky and L. V. Shcherba, which are extremely valuable for the theory and practice of punctuation. Although these works are not scientific studies based on the analysis of a large number of literary texts of various genres and styles, they nevertheless represent interesting attempts to understand the punctuation norms existing in our writing and contain original thoughts regarding the construction of a new punctuation system for the Russian literary language.
The first speeches of A.M. Peshkovsky on punctuation issues, which determined his views in this area, as well as in a number of other areas related to the teaching of the Russian language, took place during the years of the highest rise of pre-revolutionary Russian social and pedagogical thought, immediately preceding the revolution of 1917 . We are talking about the scientist’s report “The Role of Expressive Reading in Teaching Punctuation Marks,” read at the All-Russian Congress of Secondary School Russian Language Teachers, held in Moscow in December 1916 - January 1917, and about his article “Punctuation Marks and Scientific Grammar.”
It should be borne in mind that A.M. Peshkovsky, as a theoretical scientist and methodologist, was a convinced and ardent supporter of that trend in Russian linguistics, which put forward the position of the need to strictly distinguish between oral speech and written speech, placing first place on living, sounding speech. Such prominent Russian linguists as F.F. Fortunatov and I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay and their followers and students, who raised the study of phonetics to unprecedented heights until then, spoke about this constantly and tirelessly in their university lectures and public reports. both general and Russian historical, and for the first time put applied disciplines - spelling and spelling - on a strictly scientific basis.
Punctuation marks in the vast majority of cases of use reflect “not the grammatical, but the declamatory-psychological division of speech.” Rhythm and intonation are auxiliary syntactic means only because in certain cases they can acquire meanings similar to those created by the forms of words and their combinations. “But at the same time, these signs can at every step contradict the actual grammatical signs, because always and everywhere they fundamentally reflect not the grammatical, but only the general psychological element of speech.”
To master the ability to put punctuation marks, you should always consciously read the signs, that is, “bring into connection this or that pronunciation figure. with one or another sign,” as a result of which “a strong association of each sign is formed with the corresponding pronunciation figure (or figures, if the sign has several of them) - an association that, of course, flows in both directions.” Coordination between expressive reading and grammar measures will be required just to master existing comma rules.
For A.M. Peshkovsky, such a formulation of the question of punctuation and the methodology of teaching it was part of a common big problem - the relationship between written and living oral language. Therefore, he ended his report “The Role of Expressive Reading in Teaching Punctuation” with the following words: “I will also note that such a rapprochement between expressive reading and punctuation will benefit not only punctuation alone. Mentally hear what you write! After all, this means writing beautifully, vividly, uniquely, it means becoming interested in what you write! How often is it enough for a teacher to read a student’s awkward expression from the pulpit for the author to be horrified by his own expression. Why did he write it? Because I didn’t hear when I wrote, because I didn’t read myself out loud. The more a student reads himself aloud, the better he will understand the stylistic nature of the language, the better he will write. The reunification of the written tip of the linguistic tree with its living oral roots always gives life, but cutting off always deadens.”
L.V. Shcherba was partly close to the position of A.M. Peshkovsky. He also saw the role of punctuation in indicating the rhythmic and melodic side of speech. “Punctuation is the rules for the use of additional written characters (punctuation marks),” he wrote, “which serve to indicate the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise phrasal intonation.” Meanwhile, while A. M. Peshkovsky believed that all punctuation marks, with the partial exception of the comma, designate “first of all and directly only the rhythm and melodic side of living speech,” L. V. Shcherba, looking into the essence of the rhythm and melody itself, did not limited himself to this, but added: “Since the rhythm and melody of speech alone express the division of the flow of our thought, and sometimes this and that connection of its individual moments and, finally, some semantic shades, since we can say that punctuation marks actually serve to indicate all this in writing. This determines the dual nature of any punctuation: phonetic, since it expresses certain sound phenomena, and ideographic, since it is directly related to meaning.”
Further, L.V. Shcherba points out that “the division of speech-thought, and to an even greater extent the connection between its individual parts and their different semantic shades, are expressed in speech not only intonation, but also in individual words, word forms and word order , and if it is true that division and affective shades always find expression in intonation (although this is not always indicated in writing), then the connection between individual parts of speech is only very summarily expressed intonation, and their logical shades are very rarely expressed.” In some cases, as the scientist points out, intonation acts as the only indicator of both the division and the nature of the connection between the individual parts of the sentence.
Modern Russian punctuation is built on semantic and structural-grammatical foundations, which are interconnected and determine each other, and therefore we can talk about a single semantic-grammatical basis of Russian punctuation. Punctuation reflects the semantic division of written speech, indicates semantic connections and relationships between individual words and groups of words, and various semantic shades of parts of a written text. But certain semantic connections between words and parts of the text find their expression in a certain grammatical structure. It is no coincidence that the formulation of most of the rules of modern Russian punctuation is based both on the semantic features of the sentence (on the semantic basis) and on the features of its structure, i.e. the peculiarities of the construction of the sentence, its parts, the presence or absence of conjunctions, ways of expressing the members of the sentence, the order of their arrangement, etc. are taken into account, which forms the structural and grammatical basis of punctuation.
Principles of Russian punctuation:
- Syntactic. Punctuation marks reflect the syntactic structure of language and speech, highlighting individual sentences and their parts (leading).
- Semantic (logical). Punctuation marks perform a semantic role, indicate the semantic division of speech and express various additional semantic shades.
- Intonation. Punctuation marks serve to indicate the rhythm and melody of speech.
BASICS OF RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION
Punctuation (Latin punktum - point) is a system of special graphic means (punctuation marks) and a set of rules for their use in written texts. It is a necessary addition to spelling. Punctuation and spelling are applied branches of linguistics (they have practical significance).
Knowledge and strict adherence to the rules of punctuation, as well as the rules of spelling, is necessary for every literate person, and especially for a philologist (and teacher).
It helps the writer to correctly convey his thoughts in writing, and the reader to quickly and accurately understand what is written.
It is impossible to execute (: - ,) (: - ,) to have mercy.
Moreover, if spelling deals with the transmission of words in writing, then the effect of punctuation extends to coherent (?) speech as a whole.
Punctuation marks used according to the appropriate rules make it possible to divide coherent speech into sentences, highlight certain parts in sentences and establish certain relationships between them.
Russian punctuation was formed (?) historically, unlike spelling, it was formed relatively late (by the end of the 19th century).
Its birth is associated with the emergence of book printing (early 16th century) and the development of school education in Rus'. The previous period, when written texts were copied by hand and were in use by a very narrow circle of people (scribes and readers), there was no particular need for punctuation in such texts. In Old Russian writing, the text was not divided into parts at all.
Punctuation mark "." (dot), various combinations of dots either divided the text mainly into semantic segments or recorded the stop of the scribe’s work.
ZPs (“,” “;”) already appear in some 15th-century manuscripts, although they were not widely used throughout the 16th century. Gradually, such terms as “?”, “()”, “:” are beginning to come into use.
The invention of printing radically changed this situation. There was a need to adequately reflect in graphic form certain linguistic properties of real speech, in particular those that could not be indicated only by letters of the alphabet.
For this purpose, they began to resort to special punctuation marks.
At the beginning of the 18th century, 8 punctuation marks were used in Russian written texts:
Comma,
-";" semidot,
Colon,
- ! (amazing sign)
Hyphenation (-) (union (?) sign)
- “()” - brackets (capacious sign)
Karamzin began to use dash for the first time in Russia at the end of the 18th century
Quotation marks (equivalent) at the same time
The ellipsis began to be used from the beginning of the 19th century (first used by A.Kh. Vostokov).
As can be seen, at the beginning of the 19th century, almost all currently known punctuation marks were used in Russian writing, and the punctuation system was already basically established, although not entirely orderly.
The rules for arranging POs were gradually established under the influence of publishing and writing practice, as well as grammatical research.
Initially, the management of punctuation practice was mainly the work of typographical masters and was of an arbitrary (?) nature.
But as the relevant experience was accumulated, the number of printed books and the number of literate people increased, it was necessary to introduce order into this practice, to subordinate (?) it to some rules.
The development of these rules and their subsequent improvement (?) in turn required an understanding (?) of the basics of punctuation, identifying common features on which punctuation should be based.
The first attempts at theoretical understanding of punctuation date back to the 16th-17th centuries - these were Maxim the Greek, Lavrenty Zizaniy, Milenty Smotritsky, but the works of Trediakovsky and Lomonosov had the greatest influence on the development of punctuation. These scientists saw the purpose of punctuation in the reflection in writing of the semantic and syntactic (?) division of speech.
Lomonosov generalized by the mid-18th century the rules for using punctuation marks known by that time, but the greatest merit in streamlining Russian punctuation in the 19th century belongs to Academician Groth (the book “Russian Spelling” is the first set of spelling and punctuation rules in Russia, this book went through 20 editions) .
Without significant changes, these rules are still in effect.
There are three directions in understanding the basics of Russian punctuation:
1) logical,
2) syntactic,
3) intonation.
1. Logical direction (representatives Buslaev, Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky) - representatives of this direction considered the main purpose of punctuation to be the semantic division of speech and the transmission of semantic relationships of dissected parts of the text. Based on the position that “for greater clarity and definition in the reflection of thoughts and in writing, it is customary to separate words and entire sentences with punctuation marks,” Buslaev determines the purpose of punctuation, since through language one person conveys his thoughts and feelings to another, then punctuation marks have dual purpose(?):
1) Promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts by separating one sentence from another or one part of a sentence from another.
2) Express ... and his attitude towards the listener.
Abakumov, Shapiro
2. Syntactic direction - representatives of this direction (Grot, Bulich) proceeded from the fact that punctuation makes clear (?) the syntactic structure of speech. Ak. Groth believed that by means of basic punctuation marks (period, comma, semicolon, colon) an indication of a greater or lesser connection between sentences, as well as between parts of a sentence, is given, which serves to facilitate the reader’s understanding of written speech.
3. Intonation direction - supporters of this direction (Vostokov, Davydov, Peshkovsky, Shcherba) believed that punctuation serves to indicate the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise - phrasal intonation. Peshkovsky believed that punctuation reflects in... most cases not the grammatical, but the declamatory-psychological (?) division of speech.
However, this division of directions was largely conditional; it did not reflect the limited understanding of punctuation characteristic (?) of representatives of different directions only as logical or only syntactic, or only as intonation in its purpose, but rather the difference in their views on which of them of these principles is leading for Russian punctuation. Representatives of all three directions recognized that PPs are designed to promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts, facilitate the reader’s understanding of written language, and have generally binding meanings for the reader.
Russian punctuation is characterized by great stability. Developing gradually, it has not undergone major changes or breakdowns (?), although some of its rules are constantly being refined and... but...
The stability of the Russian punctuation system is explained by the fact that the principles that define it make it possible to convey in writing both the semantic, syntactic, and intonation structure of speech, and PP, as a rule, divides speech into semantically related and intonationally designed syntactic units.
PRINCIPLES OF RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION
Modern Russian punctuation is based on three principles:
1) structural;
2) semantic
3) intonation
... of which the main ones are semantic and structural principles.
In accordance with the structural principle, punctuation marks are, first of all, an indicator of the syntactic division of written speech; it is this principle that gives punctuation a stable character. Most punctuation marks are placed in accordance with this principle.
The following signs are structurally required:
Period (placed at the end of a sentence and at the boundaries or junctions of parts of a complex sentence);
Which highlight some parts of syntactic units that are not related to the structure of the sentence;
Which are identified by the members of the sentence (OBChP, OChP)
... EXAMPLE
Structurally obligatory signs are commonly used, strictly regulated by generally accepted rules, and therefore are generally binding. Such signs are placed on the basis of rules that do not allow any options (“dictator rules”). They cannot be optional or proprietary.
Structurally, mandatory punctuation marks form the mandatory minimum of punctuation rules studied in school. All native speakers of Russian should know these rules.
The structural principle, determined by the structural properties of the syntactic structure of the Russian language, is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built and which creates the stability of punctuation rules.
Semantic principle
In accordance with this principle, punctuation requires mandatory consideration of the semantics of syntactic units.
Syntactic division simultaneously reflects semantic division, because grammatically significant parts of the statement coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech.
Often punctuation is regulated primarily by the meaning of the statement, while the semantic division subordinates the structural division, that is, the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.
He, (-) my neighbor, fought for this Volga at Stalingrad (,).
Russian punctuation is partly based on the intonation principle, when we place a punctuation mark, focusing on the appropriate intonation. First of all, these are POs such as
intonation dash
ellipses
In some cases, the choice of salary depends entirely on intonation
The children will come, let's go to the circus.
When the children come, let's go to the circus (conditional relationships)
But the intonational principle acts only as an expressive (?), non-basic - this is especially clearly manifested when the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the structural one.
The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (there is no pause before “if”)
The intonation principle, as a rule, does not operate in its pure form, since intonation itself is a consequence of a given semantic and structural division of a sentence.
I couldn’t walk for a long time.
I couldn’t walk for a long time. (intonation depends on the meaning)
The meaning of a statement is inextricably linked with the structure and intonation of the sentence, this explains the fact that the rules for arranging PPs in force in SLSL cannot be reduced to any one of the above principles, and individual punctuation marks in each specific case of use ... (convey?) the syntactic , then the logical, then the intonation structure of speech, or are synthetic, i.e. simultaneously divide speech into semantic and grammatical segments and characterize its semantic and intonation structure.
Crossing, crossing! Left bank -
right bank,
The snow is rough, the edge of ice...
To whom is memory, to whom is glory
who cares about dark water, (-)
No sign, no trace.
... their removal from the text or replacement with other PP ... on understanding the semantic or emotional content of the text, ... the purpose of the statement (?), emotional coloring and semantic relationships between parts.
Modern science is characterized by a structural and semantic understanding of the basics of punctuation, which is reflected in most scientific and educational works.
Intonation is not considered as the basis of the modern punctuation system, because POs do not always have a correspondence in intonation. Often pauses (?) of oral speech in writing do not correspond to punctuation marks, or, conversely, punctuation marks (do not imply (?)) the setting of pauses. It is in these cases that students make the most mistakes.
THE MOST TYPICAL CASES OF INCONSISTENCY OF PUNCTUATION AND INTONATION SIGNS
1) There are pauses, but no PO:
A) Between common compositions of subject and predicate (predicative pauses)
The platoon on the right bank / is alive and well against the enemy.
B) After the adverbial determiner at the beginning of the sentence.
After this terrible meeting / the blacksmith even had a fever.
B) After a defined word that has a previous (?) definition, and before a defined word after a common definition.
And there the jagged blackness appears, beyond the cold line, inaccessible, untouched /forest/ above the black water.
D) before the conjunction “and” connecting homogeneous predicates
She looked up at me / and smiled mockingly
There is no pause, but there is a salary.
A) Between the union and OBChP
All these sounds merge into the deafening music of a working day and , Rebelliously swaying, they stand over the harbor.
B) At the junction of two subordinating conjunctions
The old man warned that , If the weather doesn't improve, hunting is out of the question.
C) At the junction of a coordinating and subordinating conjunction or a conjunction word
The bridge was floating, and , If you step on it and run along it, it will, of course, sway and begin to sag.
D) Between the conjunction and the introductory word
Answer: we will beat the German or , maybe we won't beat you?
These examples show that writing is “by ear,” i.e. based on a purely intonational principle cannot be literate; Punctuation marks are placed depending on what grammatical and semantic relationships arise in the sentence.
Semantic relations ultimately determine the intonation in a statement.
Thus, modern punctuation reflects the structure, meaning and intonation of a statement. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is that all three principles do not act separately, but in unity.
1. Marks boundaries between sentences (structural principle)
2. Indicates the completeness of the message (semantic principle)
3. Lowering the tone, pause (intonation principle).
It is the combination of principles (Valgina) that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.
PUNCTUATION MARKS
Punctuation marks are conventional graphic symbols that are used to reflect the grammatical, semantic and intonation division of speech in writing.
Russian punctuation uses 10 punctuation marks:
Semicolon
Colon
Exclamation mark
Question mark
Ellipsis
POs in the modern punctuation system of the Russian language have functions assigned to them: POs either separate parts of the text from each other, or highlight any segments within parts (of the text?). In accordance with this, POs are divided into two groups:
Separating ZP.
Highlighting salary.
OZP - these include single signs that divide a written text into structurally and semantically significant parts:
VZP includes paired signs that serve to highlight particularly significant parts of a sentence (subordinate clauses in the composition of SP, OBChP, addresses, introductory components, plug-in components, foreign speech).
The comma and dash signs are chameleon signs because they can act both as separators (single) and as highlighters (pairs).
He became sad, taciturn, external traces of Baku life - premature old age - remained with Green forever. (premature aging is a separate application)
Punctuation is designed to reflect in writing the syntactic, semantic, and partly intonation features of the text, while in some cases one of the named functions (?) is taken into account (strengthened?), and in others, the other. This is reflected in specific rules for the use of individual punctuation marks. The choice of punctuation actually depends on the semantic relationships between the components of the sentence.
But often these relationships can be assessed in different ways, resulting in punctuation options, namely:
Different but equally valid signs in sentences of similar syntactic structure.
By varying punctuation marks, the writer highlights one of the shades of semantic relationships that is important to him in this case.
Olenin began to knock lightly - nothing responded.
His mocking (,) light eyes were still filled with sleep, snowflakes were white on his eyebrows
Along with the generally accepted punctuation marks provided for by the rules, in author’s texts we often encounter deviations from these rules ( copyright marks).
For the most part, these deviations are justified and are determined by the desire to give punctuation marks some additional functions (?), to use them to more accurately convey the intonation and expressive features of spoken speech (this is only permissible in artistic speech).
In fiction, punctuation marks are widely used that express the emotionally expressive (?) qualities of written speech and various shades of meaning. The entire punctuation system widely, fully and diversely serves here as one of the essential and vivid means of conveying both semantic and emotional-expressive content. This is often used in poetry (lyrics). There are many examples in the poems of Voznesensky, Yevtushenko, Rozhdestvensky.
There is a number, but there is nowhere to call.
We trust people, birds, trees...
We rush, trembling from the drop, then – into a tailspin, then – into dead loops. (increasing drama)
Remember your song when going on flight! (logical emphasis on the word)
It’s strange, sweet, inevitably I (-) need to throw myself into the foamy shaft, you (-) sing like a green-eyed naiad, splash around the Irish rocks. (using a dash contrasts heroes and their positions)
Occasionally, in artistic speech, punctuation marks may be absent altogether. This is an artistic technique that is designed to emphasize the special rhythmic and melodic structure of the whole work or any part of it.
She lay like a lake
eyes stood like water
and it didn't belong to him
like clearings or a star
Joyce “Ulysses” (there are fragments with a complete absence of punctuation marks - “stream of consciousness”).
Individual use of punctuation marks (in artistic speech) does not mean a violation of the punctuation system, but an expansion and enrichment of the practice of its use.
The stylistic and expressive range of modern Russian punctuation is very wide. However, in their basic meanings and uses, punctuation marks are the same in different texts. This gives punctuation marks the necessary stability.