Expenses for ordinary activities include: Distinctive features of reflecting expenses for ordinary activities in accounting and tax accounting. Expenses for ordinary activities form

Initial cost of the OS. The next question arose. Are these expenses taken into account at cost or as other expenses not for tax purposes?

According to PBU 10/99, expenses for ordinary activities form: expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials, goods and other inventories; expenses arising directly in the process of processing (refinement) of inventories for the purposes of production, performance of work and provision of services and their sale, as well as sale (resale) of goods (expenses for the maintenance and operation of fixed assets and other non-current assets, as well as to maintain them in good condition, commercial expenses, administrative expenses, etc.). When forming expenses for ordinary activities, their grouping should be ensured by the following elements: material costs;

labor costs; contributions for social needs; depreciation; other costs.

For the purpose of generating an organization’s financial result from ordinary activities, the cost of goods, products, works, and services sold is determined, which is formed on the basis of expenses for ordinary activities recognized both in the reporting year and in previous reporting periods. Thus, you must include these expenses in other expenses, which will ultimately form the cost of manufactured products.

The rationale for this position is given below in the document, which you can find in the “Legal basis” tab of the “Glavaccountant system” version for commercial organizations

ORDER, PBU OF THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF THE RUSSIAN DATED 05/06/1999 No. 33N, PBU10/99

7. Expenses for ordinary activities form:

expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials, goods and other inventories;

expenses arising directly in the process of processing (refinement) of inventories for the purposes of production, performance of work and provision of services and their sale, as well as sale (resale) of goods (expenses for the maintenance and operation of fixed assets and other non-current assets, as well as to maintain them in good condition, commercial expenses, administrative expenses, etc.).

8. When forming expenses for ordinary activities, their grouping should be ensured by the following elements:

material costs;

labor costs;

contributions for social needs;

depreciation;

other costs.

For management purposes, accounting organizes the accounting of expenses by cost items. The list of cost items is established by the organization independently.

9. For the purpose of generating an organization’s financial result from ordinary activities, the cost of goods, products, works, services sold is determined, which is formed on the basis of expenses for ordinary activities recognized both in the reporting year and in previous reporting periods, and carryover expenses related to the receipt of income in subsequent reporting periods, taking into account adjustments depending on the characteristics of the production of products, performance of work and provision of services and their sale, as well as the sale (resale) of goods.*

Contributions for social needs;

Depreciation;

Other expenses (postal and telegraphic, telephone, travel expenses, etc.).

This grouping is uniform and mandatory for organizations in all sectors of the national economy. Grouping costs by economic element shows What exactly spent on the production of products, what is the ratio of individual cost elements to the total cost.

Economic element of costs - this is their homogeneous form, which cannot be decomposed into its component parts (for example, the cost of purchased electricity).

In practice, an expense element is understood as economically homogeneous costs (material costs, labor costs, social contributions, depreciation, etc.). Operational are the costs:

Related to the provision for temporary use of the organization’s assets for a fee, as well as rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

Related to participation in the authorized capital of other organizations;

Related to the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), goods, products;

Interest paid by an organization for providing it with funds (credits, loans) for use;

Expenses associated with payment for services provided by a credit institution;

Deductions to valuation reserves, as well as to reserves created in connection with the recognition of contingent facts of economic activity;

Other operating expenses.

Non-operating expenses are:

Fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;

Compensation for losses caused to the organization;

losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;
amounts of receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired, and other debts that are unrealistic for collection;
exchange rate differences (negative);
the amount of asset depreciation;
transfers of funds related to charitable activities, expenses for sporting events, recreation, entertainment and other similar events;
other non-operating expenses.

Emergency expenses arise as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accidents, etc.). Extraordinary expenses include wages to employees involved in eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, contributions to the unified social tax from this salary, the cost of materials spent in eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, etc.
Recognition of expenses in accounting.

All expenses of the organization (for ordinary activities and others) are recognized in accounting if the following conditions are met:

Expenses are made in accordance with a specific agreement, the requirements of legislative and regulatory acts, and business customs;

The amount of expenses can be determined;

There is certainty that a particular transaction will result in a reduction in the entity's economic benefits (ie when the entity has transferred an asset or there is no uncertainty about the transfer of assets). If at least one of the specified conditions is not met in relation to any expenses of the organization, then in accounting these expenses are recognized as receivables.
Synthetic and analytical accounting of production costs

Synthetic accounting of production costs in the full journal-order form of accounting is carried out in journal-order 10, which is intended to summarize production costs and group them by economic elements and costing items. To summarize all production costs, order journal 10 reflects the amounts of production costs recorded in other order journals. It also provides the amounts of transportation and procurement costs or deviations from accounting prices for raw materials and supplies.

The continuation of order journal 10 is order journal 10/1. It maintains synthetic accounting of costs that are not included in the production cost of marketable products: for the maintenance of service (non-industrial) industries and farms, at the expense of special-purpose funds, for the shipment and sale of products, etc.

To account for production costs according to the New Chart of Accounts from January 1, 2004. a system of synthetic accounts is used: 20 “Main production”,

23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 28 “Defects in production”, 97 “Prepaid expenses”, 96 “Reserves for future expenses”.

Analytical cost accounting for account 20 “Main production” is carried out according to cost accounting items for cost accounting objects (individual types of products, homogeneous types of products, orders, etc.) and organizational units (workshop, site, team) in cards, free sheets or books of various forms

Accounting for expenses for ordinary activities.

For the organization of accounting of production costs, the choice of the range of synthetic and analytical production accounts and calculation objects is of great importance.

In large and medium-sized organizations to account for the costs of production, accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General business expenses”, 28 “Defects in production”, 97 “Deferred expenses”, 46 “Completed stages” are used on unfinished work", 40 "Release of products (works, services)". Expenses are taken into account in the debit of these accounts, and their write-off in credit. At the end of the month, the costs recorded in the collection and distribution accounts (25, 26, 28, 97) are written off to the accounts of the main and auxiliary production.

From the credit of accounts 20 “Main production” and 23 “Auxiliary production” the actual cost of manufactured products (works, services) is written off. The balance of these accounts characterizes the amount of costs for work in progress.

In small organizations To account for production costs, as a rule, accounts 20 “Main production”, 26 “General business expenses”, 97 “Deferred expenses” or only account 20 are used.

Account 46 is advisable to use in organizations carrying out long-term work (construction, design, etc.), in which calculations are made not as a whole for completed and delivered work, but for individual stages of work. Account 40 is used as necessary and is intended to account for completed products (works, services) and identify deviations of the actual production cost of products (works, services) from the standard or planned cost. The use of this account allows you to eliminate labor-intensive calculations to determine deviations of the actual cost from the planned cost for finished, shipped and sold products.

To obtain information on costs for economic elements, use data from synthetic accounts 10 “Materials”, 70 “Calculations with personnel for wages”, 69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”, 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, 04 “Intangible assets”, 05 “Amortization of intangible assets” and other accounts for accounting for “other costs” (60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, etc.).
Composition of costs that form the cost of products (works, services). Classification of costs for production of products (works, services).
In accounting, various indicators of product cost are used: cost of products sold, production cost, etc.

Cost of products sold is the cost of producing and selling them.

Production cost is the cost of producing manufactured products. When calculating full production cost includes general business expenses; incomplete production costs are calculated without general business expenses.

In determining the cost of production, it is emphasized that it includes only those costs that are directly related to the production and sale of manufactured and sold products. Particular attention should be paid to this circumstance, since the time of production of products does not coincide with the reporting period. In this regard, as a rule, not all costs of the reporting period are included in the cost of manufactured products. At the same time, the cost of production may include costs not only of the reporting period, but also of previous reporting periods.

To calculate various indicators of product cost, it is necessary to classify costs according to a number of criteria (select costs included in the cost of production, general business expenses, selling expenses, etc.).

In addition, in order to manage costs and production, it is advisable to classify costs in other areas - for decision making, control and regulation.

Costing items - This is a set of costs established by the organization for calculating the cost of all products (works, services) or its individual types.

The basic provisions for planning, accounting and calculating the cost of products at industrial enterprises and the draft methodological recommendations for accounting for the costs of production of products, works, and services recommend the following grouping of expenses by costing items:

1) “Raw materials and materials”;

2) “Returnable waste” (subtracted);

3) “Purchased components, semi-finished products and production services from third parties”;

4) “Fuel and energy for technological purposes”;

5) “Costs for remuneration of workers directly involved in the production process, performance of work, provision of services”;

6) “Deductions for social needs”;

7) “Expenses for preparation and development of production”;

8) “General production expenses”;

9) “General business expenses”;

10) “Losses from marriage”;

11) “Other production costs”;

12) “Sales expenses.”

The total of the first 11 articles forms the production cost of products, and the total of all 12 articles forms the cost of sold (realized) products.

The role and functions of internal audit in the internal control system. Organization and regulatory regulation of internal audit at the international and national level.

Internal control system - a set of organizational structure, methods and procedures adopted by the management of an economic entity as a means for the orderly and efficient conduct of business activities, which includes, among other things, supervision and inspection organized within the given economic entity and by its forces:

a) compliance with legal requirements; b) accuracy and completeness of accounting documentation; c) timely preparation of reliable financial statements; d) preventing errors and distortions; e) execution of orders and instructions; f) ensuring the safety of the organization’s property.

The legal and regulatory system can be represented as follows:

Level 1. Represented by a system of codes of the Civil Code, Criminal Code, Tax Code, etc., Federal Law “On Auditing Activities” (No. 119 Federal Law of 08/07/2001) and Presidential Decrees and government decrees on the regulation of auditing activities and other laws. Law of the Russian Federation “On Joint-Stock Companies » No. 208-FZ dated December 26, 1995; Law of the Russian Federation “On Limited Liability Companies” No. 14-FZ dated 02/08/98. and etc.

Level 2. Represented by the rules (standards) of auditing activities (PSAT). In particular, the Rules (standard) of auditing activities “Study and assessment of accounting and internal control systems during the audit”; Rule (standard) of auditing activities “Study and use of the work of the internal auditor, etc.

Level 3. Represented by various orders of various Ministries of Finance, methodological recommendations regulating the procedure for carrying out audits in relation to specific industries on certain issues of taxation, finance and special audit assignments.

Level 4. Internal standards of audit organizations prepared to clarify external rules and assist in their technical implementation. Regulations on the Internal Control (Audit) Service.
The International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPA) were developed by the IIA and represent a set of criteria that should guide internal auditors in the performance of their duties. At the same time, IPSIA are developed taking into account the best practices of internal audit.

IPSVA are aimed at achieving the following goals:

1) establishing the main principles of proper internal audit;

2) creating a concept for the provision and distribution of various services in the field of internal audit, bringing additional benefits to the organization;

3) forming a basis for assessing the effectiveness of internal audit;

4) promoting the improvement of processes and operations carried out by the organization.

IPSVA combine Quality Standards, Performance Standards and Application Standards.
Performance standards (1000 - 1340) relate to the characteristics of the organization and parties that will perform the audit activity. The following main components of these standards can be distinguished:
1. Objectives, powers and responsibilities

The goals, powers and responsibilities of internal audit must be formally defined in the organization's charter and approved by the organization's collegial governing body.

2. Independence and objectivity

Internal auditors must have independence and must be objective in performing their work.

3. Sufficient qualifications and due professionalism

Audit assignments must be performed skillfully and with due professionalism.

4. Program for ensuring and improving the quality of internal audit

The chief internal auditor (head of the internal audit) must develop and implement a program for ensuring and improving the quality of work, covering all aspects of internal audit, as well as constantly monitoring its effectiveness. Such a program should include periodic internal and external audit quality assessments and ongoing audit monitoring within the organization.
Performance Standards (2000 - 2600) describe the functions of internal audit and a set of criteria against which effective audit performance is assessed. The following main components of these standards can be distinguished:

1. Internal audit management

The chief internal auditor (head of internal audit) must exercise effective management of internal audit, which allows for additional benefits for the organization.

2. The essence of the work of internal audit

Internal audit should assess the effectiveness of risk management, internal control and corporate governance systems, and also contribute to their improvement.

3. Planning the audit engagement

Internal auditors should develop and document a work plan for each audit engagement, including the engagement objectives, scope, completion dates, and resource allocation.

4. Performing an audit engagement

Internal auditors must identify, analyze, evaluate and document information necessary to achieve the objective of the audit engagement.

5. Communication on the results of the audit engagement

Internal auditors must communicate the results of the audit engagement to participating parties.

6. Monitoring the use of the results of the audit engagement

The chief internal auditor (head of the IAS) must create a system for monitoring the use of the results, information about which was transferred to the heads of the organization.

7. Deciding the issue of accepting the level of risk by the organization's managers

The chief internal auditor (head of internal audit) should discuss with senior managers the level of residual risk they accept if he believes that this level may be unacceptable for the organization. If the issue remains unresolved after discussion, the chief internal auditor and top managers should refer it to the collegial governing body for a final decision.
Ticket 14.

Risks, uncertainty, information asymmetry. Information as a resource. Risk and uncertainty. Application of basic probability categories in economics. The relationship between risk and income.

Information- this is information about the surrounding world (objects, phenomena, events, processes, etc.), which reduce the existing degree of uncertainty, incomplete knowledge, alienated from their creator and become messages (expressed in a certain language in the form of signs, including recorded on a tangible medium) that can be reproduced by transmission orally, in writing or by other means

First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the concept of “information resource” arose not in the process of rethinking the role of information in all types of social activities, as many claim, but as a result of the introduction of a program-targeted approach into research on the creation and integration of information services.

Resources are the elements of economic potential that society has and which, if necessary, can be used to achieve specific goals of economic and social development.

Within the framework of the program-targeted approach, information is considered as one of the types of resources in the implementation of targeted programs, along with labor, materials, equipment, energy, money, etc.

This means that information has come to be seen as one of the types of resources consumed in social practice. But the inclusion of information in the composition of resources does not remove the uncertainty of the term “information resource”, since there is no unambiguous approach to what information should be considered a resource and what should not be considered. An analysis of the definitions given in various sources shows that information resources include either all (any) information or its subsets, to identify which different authors use different criteria that are incompatible with each other, for example: classes of information, and/or types documents, and/or types of media (methods of recording), and/or organizational structures, and/or the possibility of processing on various technical means/ The starting point for including information in the sphere of circulation through various social channels is its fixation on certain types of media - documentation , From the moment knowledge is fixed on one or another medium, it becomes information, and only this information can be considered as an information resource.

Expenses for ordinary activities are costs associated with the manufacture and sale of products, acquisition and sale of goods. These also include expenses the implementation of which is associated with the performance of work and provision of services.

For such types of activities as leasing property, granting for a fee rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property and participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, the rules for accounting them as expenses for ordinary activities or other expenses are given. For accounting purposes, the organization independently determines where to classify them depending on the areas of activity, the nature of expenses, size and conditions of implementation.

PBU 10/99 contains one deviation from the definition of expenses. Reimbursement of the cost of fixed assets, intangible assets and other depreciable assets of the organization, carried out in the form of depreciation charges, is equated to expenses for ordinary activities.

Expenses for ordinary activities are divided into two parts: -

expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials, goods and other inventories;

expenses arising directly in the process of processing (refinement) of inventories for the purposes of production, performance of work and provision of services and their sale, as well as the sale of goods. These are expenses for the maintenance and operation of fixed assets and other non-current assets, as well as for maintaining them in good condition, commercial expenses, administrative expenses, etc.

When generating expenses for ordinary activities, they should be grouped into the following elements: 1)

material costs; 2)

labor costs; 3)

contributions for social needs; 4)

depreciation; 5)

other costs.

For management purposes, accounting organizes the accounting of expenses by cost items. The list of cost items is established by the organization independently in its accounting policies.

In accordance with PBU 10/99, commercial and administrative expenses can be recognized in the cost of sold products, goods, works, services in full in the reporting year of their recognition as expenses for ordinary activities. That is, these expenses, recorded in accounts 26 “General business expenses” and 44 “Sales expenses,” can be written off monthly as a debit to account 90 “Sales.”

If during the reporting period the company did not earn anything, but incurred administrative expenses, write them off from account 26 “General business expenses” to account 20 “Main production”. After all, this account is also closed, and the balance on it shows the value of work in progress. In the absence of this, its assessment cannot be reflected.

General business expenses also cannot be written off in debit 90 of account. Indeed, in the absence of sales revenue (income from ordinary activities), the cost of sales cannot be formed.

Expenses for ordinary activities are accepted for accounting in an amount calculated in monetary terms equal to the amount of payment in cash and other forms or the amount of accounts payable.

If payment covers only part of the recognized expenses, then the expenses accepted for accounting are determined as the sum of payment and accounts payable (in the part not covered by payment).

CHAPTER 1

Costs in accounting

In accounting, expenses are recognized according to the rules that are prescribed in the Accounting Regulations “Expenses of the Organization” (hereinafter referred to as PBU 10/99). This document was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 No. 33n.

In the fall, the Russian Ministry of Finance issued two orders at once that made changes to 13 Accounting Regulations, including PBU 10/99. And also in the Chart of Accounts and Profit and Loss Statement (Form No. 2). We are talking about orders No. 115n and No. 116n dated September 18, 2006. Both of them are called “On Amendments to Regulatory Legal Acts on Accounting.” Order No. 116n was registered with the Ministry of Justice on October 24, 2006 No. 8397. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 115n was recognized as not requiring registration. Officials from the Russian Ministry of Finance changed the classification of income and expenses. The new rules must be applied starting with reporting for 2006. We'll talk about this a little later.

PBU 10/99 is applied by legal entities created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Its requirements must be followed by all commercial organizations (except for credit and insurance), as well as non-profit organizations (except for budgetary institutions) that recognize income from business and other activities.

1.1. Classification of expenses

PBU 10/99 gives the concept of expenses and establishes a list of retiring assets that are not recognized as expenses.

An organization's expenses are recognized as a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of liabilities, leading to a reduction in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions by decision of participants (owners of property).

The concept of assets is interpreted in relation to IFRS. In the IFRS glossary, assets are resources controlled by an entity as a result of past events from which economic benefits are expected to flow in the future.

In domestic practice, an asset is always considered as the “left side” of the balance sheet, in the sections and articles of which non-current and current assets take place.

PBU 10/99 defines which disposals of assets cannot be recognized as expenses of the organization. This is a disposal of assets associated with:

– acquisition (creation) of non-current assets (fixed assets, construction in progress, intangible assets, etc.);

– contributions to the authorized (share) capitals of other organizations, acquisition of shares of joint-stock companies and other securities not for the purpose of resale (sale);

– commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, principal, etc.;

– advance payment for inventories and other valuables, works, services;

– advances, deposits to pay for inventories and other valuables, works, services;

– repayment of a loan received by the organization.

All of the above asset disposals are payments. From this list it is clear that expenses do not include the organization’s costs associated with capital and financial investments. PBU 10/99 deals with rules related to current costs (as defined by the Law “On Accounting”). In this regard, we can conclude that the costs of performing work on the construction of an object using an economic method also cannot form the organization’s expenses.

Classification of expenses. Depending on the nature, conditions of implementation and areas of activity of the organization, expenses are divided into:

1) expenses for ordinary activities;

2) other expenses.

Expenses for ordinary activities are reflected in the debit of the accounts:

– 20 “Main production”;

– 21 “Semi-finished products of own production”;

– 23 “Auxiliary production”;

– 25 “General production expenses”;

– 26 “General business expenses”;

– 28 “Defects in production”;

– 29 “Service industries and farms”;

– 44 “Sales expenses”, etc.

Then, after closing the accounts and the corresponding distribution, they are reflected in the debit of account 90 “Sales”.

Other expenses are reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” (subaccount 2 “Other expenses”). Starting from the new year, account 91 will also need to take into account emergency expenses. Let us remind you: until 2007, they were reflected in account 99 in the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses”.

1.2. Expenses for ordinary activities

For such types of activities as leasing property, granting for a fee rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property and participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, the rules for accounting them as expenses for ordinary activities or operating expenses are given. For accounting purposes, the organization independently determines where to classify them depending on the areas of activity, the nature of expenses, size and conditions of implementation.

Expenses for ordinary activities are divided into two parts:

– expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials, goods and other inventories;

– expenses arising directly in the process of processing (refinement) of inventories for the purposes of production, performance of work and provision of services and their sale, as well as the sale of goods. These are expenses for the maintenance and operation of fixed assets and other non-current assets, as well as for maintaining them in good condition, commercial expenses, administrative expenses, etc. When forming expenses for ordinary activities, they should be grouped into the following elements:

1) material costs;

2) labor costs;

3) contributions for social needs;

4) depreciation;

5) other costs.

For management purposes, accounting organizes the accounting of expenses by cost items. The list of cost items is established by the organization independently in its accounting policies.

General business expenses also cannot be written off in debit 90 of account. Indeed, in the absence of sales revenue (income from ordinary activities), the cost of sales cannot be formed.

Therefore, general business expenses can be written off as other expenses not related to production and sales - to account 91 “Other income and expenses” or included in the organization’s losses - in the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses”. The corresponding amounts will fall into lines 100 “Other operating expenses” or 130 “Non-operating expenses”.

Expenses for ordinary activities are accepted for accounting in an amount calculated in monetary terms equal to the amount of payment in cash and other forms or the amount of accounts payable.

If payment covers only part of the recognized expenses, then the expenses accepted for accounting are determined as the sum of payment and accounts payable (in the part not covered by payment).

1.3. other expenses

Other expenses are:

– expenses associated with the provision of temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets for a fee;

– costs associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

– expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), goods, products;

– interest paid by an organization for providing it with funds (credits, borrowings) for use;

– expenses associated with payment for services provided by credit institutions;

– contributions to valuation reserves created in accordance with accounting rules (reserves for doubtful debts, for depreciation of investments in securities, etc.), as well as reserves created in connection with the recognition of contingent facts of economic activity;

– fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;

– losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;

– the amount of receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired, and other debts that are unrealistic for collection;

– the amount of depreciation of assets (except for the amount of depreciation of fixed assets - in accordance with PBU 6/01);

– transfer of funds (contributions, payments, etc.) related to charitable activities, expenses for sporting events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;

– other miscellaneous expenses.

Among other other expenses, the following can be identified (PBU 15/01):

– negative exchange rate and amount differences related to interest payable on loans and credits received and denominated in foreign currency or conventional monetary units, arising from the moment interest is accrued under the terms of the agreement until their actual repayment (transfer);

– additional costs incurred in connection with obtaining loans and credits, issuing and placing debt obligations;

– amounts of budget funds recognized as income in previous years, but subject to return in accordance with the established procedure in accordance with PBU 13/2000.

The list of other expenses is open.

Account 91 “Other income and expenses” summarizes information on other income and expenses. The following subaccounts can be opened for the account:

– 91-1 – Other income;

– 91-2 – Other expenses;

– 91-9 – Balance of other income and expenses.

On the credit of subaccount 91-1 other income is reflected:

– proceeds from the lease of assets and participation in the authorized (share) capital of other organizations;

– returnable waste (materials, inventory and household supplies, special equipment, work clothing at market value on the date of write-off of assets) and proceeds from sales of fixed assets and other assets other than cash;

– receipts from operations with containers;

– interest receivable on loans and borrowings;

– fines, penalties, penalties for receipt;

– gratuitous receipts;

– profit of previous years identified in the reporting year;

– amounts of accounts payable with an expired statute of limitations;

– positive exchange rate differences;

– other operating or non-operating income.

The debit of subaccount 91-2 reflects other expenses:

– expenses from leasing assets and participating in the authorized (share) capital of other organizations;

– the residual value of assets for which depreciation is calculated and the actual cost of other assets written off by the organization;

– expenses from sales, disposal and other write-offs of fixed assets and other assets other than cash;

– expenses from operations with containers;

– interest payable on loans and borrowings;

– payment for bank services;

– fines, penalties, penalties for payment;

– costs of maintaining fixed assets for conservation;

– compensation for losses on claims;

– loss of previous years identified in the reporting year;

– contributions to reserves to accounts 14 “Reserves for depreciation of material assets”, 59 “Reserves for depreciation of financial investments”, 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts”;

– amounts of receivables with an expired statute of limitations;

– negative exchange rate differences;

- legal costs;

– other operating or non-operating expenses.

Before the changes were made, extraordinary income and expenses were recorded in account 99 “Profits and losses”. And operating and non-operating income and expenses were reflected in one account - 91 “Other income and expenses”. Since 2007, other income and expenses will no longer have to be divided into operating, non-operating and emergency; all of them will be reflected in account 91. This is provided for by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 115n.

Account 91 “Other income and expenses” corresponds on credit with accounts for accounting for settlements, cash, inventory, etc., and on debit – with accounts for accounting for inventory, costs, settlements, etc.

At the end of each month, by comparing the credit turnover of subaccount 91-1 and the debit turnover of subaccount 91-2, the financial result for all operations is determined and written off in one entry to account 99 “Profits and losses” in correspondence with subaccount 91-9 “Balance of other income” and expenses,” while the subaccounts of account 91 “Other income and expenses” are not closed during the year, although there is no balance in account 91 “Other income and expenses” as a whole at the end of the month. Subaccounts 91-1 and 91-2 are closed only with the final entries of December to subaccount 91-9.

At the beginning of the new reporting year, account 91 “Other income and expenses” has no balance. Analytical accounting is carried out on subaccounts 91-1 and 91-2 - by types of income corresponding to PBU 9/99 and types of expenses corresponding to PBU 10/99. Analytical accounting is not maintained on subaccount 91-9. Accounting is organized in monetary terms.

Currently, second level subaccounts “Operating income”, “Operating expenses”, “Non-operating income”, “Non-operating expenses” are opened to account 91 subaccounts “Other income” and “Other expenses”. Extraordinary income and expenses are written off to account 99.

Until the end of the year, accountants can apply the old procedure. However, no one is stopping you from applying the new rules now. That is, take into account emergency income and expenses on account 91, and not on account 99. And all other income and expenses should be reflected in some of the second-level subaccounts opened on account 91. For example, you can use subaccounts provided for operating income and expenses . That is, do not distribute operating and non-operating income and expenses among subaccounts.

Starting from the new year, the organization will no longer have to keep separate records of operating and non-operating income and expenses on account 91, that is, open second-level subaccounts for them. Extraordinary income and expenses will not be reflected in account 99. Therefore, those organizations that traditionally added to their accounting policies a clause on the classification of other income and expenses into operating, non-operating and emergency, no longer need to do this.

In addition, when approving the accounting policy for 2007, it is necessary to change the subaccounts in the working chart of accounts.

1.4. Recognition of expenses

Expenses are recognized in accounting if the following conditions are met (fulfilled):

– the expense is made in accordance with a specific agreement, the requirements of legislative and regulatory acts, and business customs;

– the amount of expenditure can be determined;

– there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization (in the case where the organization transferred the asset, or there is no uncertainty regarding the transfer of the asset).

If at least one of the above conditions is not met in relation to any expenses incurred by the organization, then receivables are recognized in the organization’s accounting records.

Depreciation is recognized as an expense based on the amount of depreciation charges, determined on the basis of the cost of depreciable assets, useful life and the methods of depreciation adopted by the organization.

Expenses are subject to recognition in accounting, regardless of the intention to receive revenue, operating or other income and the form of the expense (monetary, in-kind and other).

Paragraphs 6.1–6.6 of PBU 10/99 establish the procedure for determining expenses depending on the terms of the contract if:

– the organization was granted a commercial loan;

– instead of cash in payment for goods (work, services) received, the organization transfers inventory items;

– the cost of goods (works, services) is expressed in conventional monetary units;

– the seller provided discounts (capes).

When paying for purchased inventories and other valuables, works, services on the terms commercial loan, provided in the form of deferment and installment payment, expenses are accepted for accounting in the full amount of accounts payable, that is, taking into account interest on a commercial loan.

The amount of payment and (or) accounts payable under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) non-monetary means, determined by the value of goods (valuables) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of goods (valuables) transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (valuables).

If the value of goods (valuables) transferred or to be transferred by an organization cannot be determined, then the amount of payment and (or) accounts payable under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined by the value of the products (goods) received by the organization. The cost of products (goods) received by the organization is established based on the price at which similar products (goods) are purchased in comparable circumstances.

The amount of payment and (or) accounts payable is determined taking into account all discounts (mark-ups) and amount differences provided to the organization in accordance with the agreement.

To correctly and reliably determine the financial result, income and expenses must be taken into account using the same method.

As a general rule, as when accepting income for accounting, expenses are related to the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds and other forms of implementation, that is, in full accordance with the assumption of temporal certainty of the facts of economic activity . In other words, expenses are determined using the method accruals.

An exception is made for organizations that have decided to use in accounting cash method.

If an organization recognizes revenue from the sale of products and goods not as the rights of ownership, use and disposal for products supplied, goods sold, work performed, services rendered are transferred, but after receipt of cash and other forms of payment (cash method), then expenses are recognized after the debt has been repaid (cash basis). This rule was first recorded in the Standard Recommendations for the Organization of Accounting for Small Businesses, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 21, 1998 No. 64n.

PBU 10/99 introduced separate rules for recognizing expenses in Profit and loss report.

The first rule is related to the correspondence of income and expenses or taking into account the relationship between expenses incurred and income.

The second rule establishes the need for a reasonable distribution of expenses between reporting periods when expenses determine the receipt of income during the reporting periods and the relationship between income and expenses cannot be clearly defined or is determined indirectly.

The third rule for recognizing expenses in the income statement states that, regardless of the previous rules, expenses recognized in the reporting period are subject to recognition when it becomes certain that they will not receive economic benefits (income) or receive assets.

It is noted that expenses must be recognized in the income statement regardless of how they are accepted for the purposes of calculating the tax base.

1.5. Gains and losses report

Changes in PBU 9/99 and 10/99, of course, could not but affect the form of the Profit and Loss Statement (Form No. 2). It was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n. Amendments to this document were made by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 18, 2006 No. 115n.

1.5.1. General rules for filling out the Profit and Loss Statement

1. All data is presented on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year. Column 3 reflects data for 2006, and column 4 contains data for the previous year from Column 3 of the Profit and Loss Statement for 2005.

It is possible that data for the same period last year will not be comparable with data for the reporting period. This situation arises when changes are made to the organization’s accounting policies, legislative and regulatory acts on accounting. In order to correctly draw up the Profit and Loss Statement, it is necessary to adjust the figures for the previous year. And in the explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement, indicate that the data for last year has been changed and why.

Let us add that in the Profit and Loss Report compiled based on the results of 2006, organizations must show data for the previous year. The data is taken from Form No. 2 for 2005. It is clear that in last year's report operating, non-operating and extraordinary income and expenses were indicated on separate lines. Therefore, the indicated amounts of income and expenses must be added up, the total total must be entered in column 4 “For the same period of the previous year”, line 090 (Other income) and line 100 (Other expenses).

2. If any indicator is subtracted or has a negative value, then it should be indicated in parentheses.

3. Income and expenses are presented in detail, and offsets can be carried out only when this is provided for by accounting legislation.

4. All lines of the Profit and Loss Statement are coded in accordance with the order of the State Statistics Committee of Russia and the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 14, 2003 No. 475/102n.

5. All types of income and expenses that are significant must be presented separately (clause 11 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Reports of an Organization” (PBU 4/99), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 6, 1999 No. 43n).

The income statement consists of two tables. In the first table, based on its income and expenses, the organization calculates the net profit received for the reporting period. And the second table provides a breakdown of individual profits and losses for the reporting period.

The Profit and Loss Statement shows several profit indicators:

- gross profit;

– profit (loss) from sales;

– profit before tax;

- net profit.

To obtain the gross profit indicator, you need to reduce the proceeds from the sale of products (goods, works, services) by the cost of these products (goods, works, services):

By reducing gross profit by the amount of selling and administrative expenses, we will receive a profit or loss on sales.

Profit before tax is formed after we increase the profit or loss from sales by the amount of other and non-operating income and expenses.

By excluding the amount of income tax from profit before tax, we get net profit.

Net profit = Profit before tax – Income tax

1.5.2. Section “Income and expenses from ordinary activities”

Line 010 “Revenue from the sale of goods, products, works, services”

Line 010 reflects the enterprise’s income from ordinary activities - credit turnover on account 90 “Sales” subaccount 1 “Revenue” minus value added tax, excise taxes and export duties.

Enterprises that produce products reflect on this line the cost of finished products sold to customers.

Trade organizations must show the selling price of goods sold.

Enterprises performing work or providing services indicate the cost of work performed or services provided, which is confirmed by acceptance certificates.

Intermediary enterprises reflect on this line only the amount of their intermediary remuneration.

Sales revenue may include income from leasing the organization's property, from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations and license payments for the use of intellectual property. But only on the condition that obtaining these incomes is the main activity of the enterprise.

If the company conducts several types of activities, then it is necessary to decipher the total amount of revenue. To do this, it is necessary to include additional lines in the Report (011, 012, etc.) and indicate revenue from each type of activity, provided that it is significant.

Line 020 “Cost of goods, works, services sold”

Line 020 reflects the cost of goods, products, works, and services sold. The indicator must be indicated in parentheses.

Manufacturing enterprises reflect on this line all expenses that are included in the cost of products sold to customers. In other words, the turnover is debited to account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 2 “Cost of sales” and credited to account 43 “Finished products” or 45 “Goods shipped”.

If an organization uses account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” to account for production costs, then the amount of excess of the actual cost of manufactured products, completed works or rendered services over their standard (planned) cost increases the data on line 020.

Organizations and enterprises performing work and providing services indicate on line 020 the costs associated with the performance of work or provision of services that were sold in the reporting period.

Enterprises that provide intermediary services reflect on line 020 the amount of costs they incurred in carrying out intermediary activities.

Trade organizations indicate the purchase price of goods sold on this line. If a trade organization keeps records of goods at purchase prices, then on line 020 you need to indicate the turnover on the debit of account 90-2 and the credit of account 41 “Goods” (45 “Goods shipped”).

In retail trade enterprises, goods are usually recorded at sales prices. The purchase price of goods sold can be determined as follows. The turnover on the debit of account 90-2 and the credit of account 41 “Goods” (45 “Goods shipped”) must be reduced by the turnover on the debit of account 90-2 and the credit of account 42 “Trade margin”, which is done using the “red reversal” method.

The main activity of an enterprise may be the lease of its property or rights to use intellectual property. In this case, on this line they indicate expenses for these types of activities.

If an enterprise carries out several types of activities, then the cost of products (goods, works, services) must be indicated separately on lines that are entered additionally (021, 022, etc.).

Line 029 “Gross profit”

The data provided for this line represents the difference between the indicators reflected in the first two lines of the report (line 010 - line 020). If a negative result (loss) is obtained, it must be indicated in parentheses.

Line 030 “Business expenses” On line 030 you must indicate:

· for manufacturing enterprises – costs associated with the sale of products;

· for trade organizations – distribution costs.

To fill out this line, you must use the turnover on the credit of account 44 “Sales expenses” in correspondence with account 90 subaccount 7 “Business expenses”.

The following types of expenses include commercial expenses:

– to pay remuneration to an intermediary organization for the provision of services for the sale of products;

– for transportation of products to their destination;

– for loading and unloading operations;

Organizations can write off business expenses in two ways:

– the entire amount of commercial expenses for the month can be included in expenses for ordinary activities by writing them off as a debit to account 90;

– commercial expenses can be distributed between sold and unsold products.

The organization must choose one of these methods and consolidate it in its accounting policies.

Line 040 “Administrative expenses”

Trade organizations include administrative expenses as part of distribution costs and take them into account in account 44 “Sales expenses”. Therefore, trade organizations always put a dash on line 040.

Manufacturing enterprises take into account administrative expenses on account 26 “General expenses”.

These include the following types of expenses:

– salaries of the administrative and managerial apparatus;

– payment for information, audit and consulting services;

– rent for general business premises;

– the amount of accrued depreciation and expenses for repairs of fixed assets for administrative and general purposes.

The procedure for writing off general business expenses depends on how the cost of finished products (work, services) is formed:

– at full production cost;

- at a reduced cost.

If accounting for finished products (works, services) is carried out at a reduced cost, then general business expenses are written off monthly to the debit of account 90 “Sales” subaccount 2 “Cost of sales”. In this case, the amount of general business expenses for the reporting period will be indicated on line 040.

If finished products (works, services) are accounted for at full production cost, then general business expenses are written off monthly as a debit to accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Service production and facilities” and are included in the cost of finished products (works). , services). In the Profit and Loss Statement, general business expenses are reflected as part of the cost of products (work, services) on line 020 “Cost of sales”.

The company must consolidate the chosen method in its accounting policies.

Line 050 “Profit (loss) from sales”

Line 050 reflects the financial result from the sale of products (works, services). Loss on sales is shown in parentheses.

1.5.3. Section “Other income and expenses”

Line 060 “Interest receivable”

This line shows the amount of interest that the organization must receive in the reporting period:

– for the use of funds that she transferred to another organization or individual;

– for the use of funds that are in the organization’s bank account;

– on bonds, deposits, government securities, shares, bonds, bills, etc.

The amounts of such income are reflected in the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 2 “Other expenses” in correspondence with the accounts:

– 51 “Current accounts”;

– 52 “Currency accounts”;

– 55 “Special accounts”;

– 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” subaccount 1 “Settlements for loans provided”;

– 76 “Settlements with other debtors and creditors” subaccount 3 “Settlements for due dividends and other income.”

Please note: interest on a commercial loan that is associated with the sale of goods (work, services) should not be indicated on line 060. They are included in revenue from sales of products (goods, works, services) and are reflected on line 010.

Line 070 “Interest payable”

This line reflects the amount of interest that the company must pay in the reporting period on loans and borrowings received. The amount of such expenses is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 2 “Other expenses” in correspondence with the accounts:

– 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”;

– 67 “Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings.”

Let us add: interest on loans and borrowings that are included in the cost of acquired fixed assets, intangible assets and inventories should not be indicated on line 070.

On line 070, the indicator is written in parentheses.

Line 080 “Income from participation in other organizations” This line reflects income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, including interest and dividends on securities.

Income from equity participation in the authorized capitals of other enterprises and dividends on shares are reflected in accounting as their size is declared as a source of payment.

Line 090 “Other income”

Before making changes, operating and non-operating income and expenses must be reflected on separate lines. Now you only have to decipher certain types of other expenses. This is interest receivable and payable. As well as income from participation in other organizations. All other expenses are now entered into lines 090 and 100. The same can be said about extraordinary income and expenses.

This line takes into account other income of the organization. These include:

– income from the sale and other write-off of fixed assets, intangible assets, materials, securities, foreign currency and other assets of the organization;

– profit that the organization received as a result of joint activities without forming a legal entity (under a simple partnership agreement), and remuneration for property transferred into common ownership or use;

– funds that the organization received in excess of the value of its initial contribution when dividing the property of a simple partnership;

– receipts associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets (under a lease agreement);

– receipts related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

– fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms, which the organization must receive in the reporting period by court decision (received or recognized as receivable);

– part of the value of assets received free of charge (including under a gift agreement), written off from the account on which future income is recorded;

– proceeds to compensate for losses caused to the organization;

– profit of previous years, identified in the reporting year (such transactions, as a rule, arise when correcting errors in accounting made in previous reporting periods);

– amounts of accounts payable for which the statute of limitations has expired, including VAT;

- exchange differences;

– the amount of revaluation of assets that arise as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets;

– property, the surplus of which was identified during the inventory;

Line 100 “Other expenses”

Line 100 shows the following expenses:

– expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets (under a lease agreement), rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs, and other types of intellectual property;

– expenses associated with participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations;

– costs of maintaining mothballed production facilities;

– payment for services of credit institutions;

– expenses associated with the cancellation of production orders (contracts), the cessation of production that did not produce products, and the servicing of securities;

– taxes and fees that, in accordance with tax legislation, are paid at the expense of financial results (property tax, advertising tax);

– the residual value of depreciable assets and the actual cost of other assets written off by the organization;

– expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets;

– fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms, which the organization must pay in the reporting period;

– expenses for the maintenance of production facilities and facilities under conservation;

– compensation for losses caused by the organization;

– losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year (arise, as a rule, when errors in accounting made in previous reporting periods are corrected);

– deductions to reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, for a decrease in the value of material assets, for doubtful debts;

– costs associated with the consideration of cases in courts;

– the amount of receivables for which the statute of limitations has expired, including VAT, and other debts that are unrealistic for collection;

- exchange differences;

– the amount of depreciation of assets that arise as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets;

– transfer of funds related to charitable activities for sporting events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;

– VAT amounts subject to payment to the budget on gratuitously transferred valuables;

On line 130, the indicator is written in parentheses.

Section "Profit"

Line 140 “Profit (loss) before tax” This line shows the financial result (profit or loss) of the organization’s activities for 2006. It is defined as follows. The following is added to the profit (loss) from sales (line 050): – interest receivable (line 060); – income from participation in other organizations (line 080); – other income (line 090). Then the following are subtracted from the amount received: – interest payable (line 070); – other expenses (line 100).

Line 141 “Deferred tax assets”

This line reflects the difference between accrued and repaid deferred tax assets (DTA) in the reporting period.

To fill out this line, it is necessary to subtract the amount of credit turnover on this account from the amount of debit turnover on account 09 “Deferred tax assets”.

It is possible that the result will be negative. In this case, be sure to include it in parentheses.

Line 142 “Deferred tax liabilities” This line reflects the difference between accrued and repaid deferred tax liabilities (DTL) in the reporting period.

To fill out this line, you need to subtract the amount of debit turnover on this account from the credit turnover on account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” for the reporting period. If the result is a negative indicator, it must be indicated in parentheses.

Line 150 “Current income tax”

Line 150 reflects the amount of income tax that is payable to the budget for the reporting period (TNP). It is calculated by adjusting the notional income tax expense by the amount of permanent tax liabilities (assets) and deferred tax assets and liabilities:

TNP = UR (or – UD) + PNO – PNA + SHE – IT,

where UR (UD) is a conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax, which is determined by multiplying the accounting profit or loss (indicator on line 140) by the income tax rate.

The indicator on line 150 must correspond to the amount of income tax, which is reflected on line 250 of section 02 of the income tax return for 2006.

Line 190 “Net profit (loss) of the reporting period” To fill out this line, you need to increase profit (loss) before tax (line 140) by the amount of deferred tax assets (line 141), and then reduce it by the amount of deferred tax liabilities (line 142) and current income tax (line 150).

PE = PR/UB + ONA – ONO – TNP

CJSC "October" is engaged in the production and trade of food products. The organization has no separate divisions. In addition, the organization rents out part of its space. The order on the accounting policy of ZAO Oktyabr sets the materiality criterion at the level of 5 percent. The organization does not distribute commercial expenses between sold and unsold products, but writes off everything at once in the reporting period.
The performance indicators of ZAO Oktyabr for 2006 and the same period last year are given below.

The share of income from leasing property in total revenue exceeds the materiality indicator established by the company - 5 percent of the total amount of income - 5.67% (RUB 1,500,000: RUB 26,500,000). Therefore, in the Report, the accountant of ZAO Oktyabr deciphered the income and expenses for both types of activities.
As for 2005, the amounts received for rent did not exceed the established criterion - 5 percent of total income. The share of rental income was 3.74% (RUB 700,000: RUB 18,700,000). Therefore, last year only production income was detailed. Rental income and expenses will be shown as part of other operating income and expenses.
In 2006, business expenses amounted to 2,200,000 rubles, and last year they were equal to 1,830,000 rubles. Administrative expenses of ZAO Oktyabr amounted to RUB 1,400,000, respectively. and 1,130,000 rub.
Thus, the total gross profit of the company for 2006 (line 029) will be 9,700,000 rubles. (26,500,000 – 16,800,000), and profit from sales (line 050) is 6,100,000 rubles. (9,700,000 – 2,200,000 – 1,400,000). Similar figures for last year amounted to RUB 6,700,000, respectively. (18,000,000 – 11,300,000) and 3,740,000 rubles. (6,700,000 – 1,830,000 – 1,130,000).
For 2006, ZAO Oktyabr transferred 150,000 rubles in interest. In addition, the company received 324,000 rubles. dividends. The amount of property tax for the six months is 118,000 rubles. The bank received 12,000 rubles for the services. Other miscellaneous expenses amounted to RUB 925,000.
Last year, the organization did not take out bank loans and did not receive dividends. Let us recall that in 2005 the company leased out part of its space. Income from these operations excluding VAT amounted to RUB 758,000. This revenue was recognized as insignificant and included in other income. The cost of renting out the property is 240,000 rubles. The amount of accrued taxes, which are paid at the expense of financial results, as well as the amount of commission to the bank amounted to 112,000 rubles. Other miscellaneous expenses – RUB 670,000. Total other expenses RUB 1,022,000. (240,000 + 112,000 + + 670,000).
The company did not have any extraordinary income or expenses either this year or last year.
Therefore, the company's profit before tax in 2006 (line 140) will be:
6,100,000–150,000 + 324,000–118,000 – 12,000–925,000 = = 5,219,000 rub.
Similar indicators for last year were:
3,740,000 + 758,000–240,000 – 112,000–670,000 = = 3,476,000 rub.
Both this and last year, the accountant of ZAO Oktyabr applied PBU 18/02. The amount of conditional income tax expense for 2006 is RUB 1,230,960. (RUB 5,129,000 x 24%). Last year for the same period, the amount of “accounting” income tax will be equal to 834,240 rubles. (RUB 3,476,000 x 24%).
Information on deferred and permanent tax assets and liabilities for 2005 and 2006 is presented in the table:

Thus, for 2006, the amount of accrued deferred tax assets exceeded the amount written off and repaid. This means that the difference must be added to profit before taxes. As for deferred tax liabilities, they were also accrued more than written off. Therefore, the difference will reduce profits. Current income tax (line 150) is equal to:
RUB 1,230,960 + 17,000 rub. – 6000 rub. + 46,000 rub. = = 1,287,960 rub.
Thus, net profit (line 190) for 2006 will be 3,942,040 rubles. (5,219,000 + 17,000 – 6,000 – 1,287,960).
During 2005, more deferred tax assets were accrued than were written off and repaid. This means that the difference in account 09 is added to profit before tax. There are also more deferred tax liabilities accrued than written off and repaid. Therefore, the difference between the turnover on account 77 will reduce the profit. The current income tax will be as follows:
RUB 834,240 + 1000 rub. – 6000 rub. + 24,000 rub. = = 853,240 rub.
Net profit for 2005 is 2,617,760 rubles. (3,476,000 + + 1000–6000 – 853,240).

GAINS AND LOSSES REPORT

(Basis: clauses 4, 5 PBU 10/99)

14.2.2. Administrative expenses accumulated in account 26 “General expenses” are written off as semi-fixed expenses to the cost of sales at the end of each reporting period (debited to account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 90-2 “Cost of sales”).

(Basis: paragraph 2 of clause 9 of PBU 10/99, Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts (explanations for account 26))

14.2.3. Expenses for storage of inventory items (wages of warehouse workers, amounts of insurance contributions for compulsory social insurance, depreciation, repair and maintenance of fixed assets used in the storage and movement of inventory items, other expenses directly related to the storage of inventory items), included in the cost of material assets, are distributed between types of material assets stored in a warehouse, in proportion to the value of these assets.

(Ground: paragraph 2, paragraph "d", clause 226 of the Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n)

14.2.4. Expenses recorded on account 44 “Sales expenses” are written off monthly to the debit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 90-2 “Cost of sales”, in full.

(Basis: paragraph 2, clause 9 of PBU 10/99, clause 228 of the Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories, Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts (explanations for account 44))

The amounts of insurance premiums paid by the organization in accordance with insurance contracts are included in deferred expenses with subsequent equal inclusion in current expenses during the term of the insurance contract.

(Reason: paragraph 3 of clause 19 of PBU 10/99, Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts (explanations to account 97), Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 12, 2012 No. 07-02-06/5)

Amounts of losses from insured events are included in the organization’s other expenses on the date of occurrence (detection). Insurance compensations to be received by an organization from insurers in accordance with insurance contracts are included in the full amount as other income.

(Basis: clauses 13, 16, 17, 18 PBU 10/99, clauses 7, 10.2 PBU 9/99)

Amounts of shortages and losses from damage to valuables that exceed the norms of natural loss and the amounts provided for in the contract are included in other expenses of the organization on the date of occurrence (identification). Amounts of compensation for shortages and losses from damage recognized by guilty persons or ordered to be paid by the court are fully included in other income on the date the debt was recognized by the guilty person or on the date of entry into force of the court decision.

(Basis: clauses 16, 17 PBU 10/99, clauses 7, 10.2 PBU 9/99)

State aid

15.1. If the conditions established in clause 5 of PBU 13/2000 are met, budget funds are reflected in accounting as the occurrence of targeted financing (credit to account 86 “Targeted financing”) and debt on these funds (debit to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” ). As funds are actually received, the corresponding amounts reduce the debt reflected in account 76 and increase the accounts for cash, capital investments, etc.

(Basis: paragraph 1, clause 7 of PBU 13/2000)

15.2. The receipt of budget funds to finance expenses already incurred is reflected using account 86 “Targeted financing” in the same manner as the receipt of budget funds to finance upcoming expenses.

(Basis: clauses 7, 10 PBU 13/2000, paragraph 7 clause 6 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” PBU 1/2008, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n)

Financial statements

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