History of hospital 23 on Taganka. Yauza hospital. Long before the hospital

Not far from the Taganskaya metro station there is a large old and perfectly preserved house that holds many mysteries. If you walk in those parts, be sure to enter the territory to touch the cultural monument of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. The history of the building is very unusual, as is the history of its owners, the Batashev family. Stories about this place are intertwined with legends.

2. The famous Russian industrialist Ivan Rodionovich Batashev could afford almost everything. Its ironworks cast fences for the Summer Garden and cannons for the Russian army. Of course, when he decided to build a house in Moscow, he chose one of the largest and most prestigious plots, and the construction itself was carried out on a grand scale on a plot of as much as three hectares.

3. After the death of Ivan Batashev, his granddaughter Daria, who married the handsome man and hero of the War of 1812 Dmitry Shepelev, became a rich heiress. Shepelev knew a lot about military affairs, but was neither an industrialist nor an entrepreneur. Daria Shepeleva dies during childbirth, Ivan Batashev's line is interrupted. The fortunes of the Shepelev family are falling, the estate is transferred to the city for the organization of the Yauza hospital here. Since 1866, doctors have been in charge of the estate.

4. A little information about the estate. In fact, there is still no consensus on the authorship of the project and the features of creating the estate.

5. The Batashevs were progressive people. They sent their best serf masters to study abroad. The details of the estates are striking in their meticulousness and preservation. They built conscientiously back then.

6. In addition to the main house, two outbuildings, outbuildings, part of the wall, and a garden have been preserved. All this can be viewed; admission to the hospital territory is free.

7. The estate was surrounded by a serious wall, built like a fortress. They say that the Batashevs even had their own troops. Why were such walls needed in the capital? And the numerous armed troops also raise questions. Suppress uprisings? Robbery in the forests?

8. The manor building contains many interesting features. Ivan Rodionovich Batashev was a fan of the arts; in Vyksa he even built an opera house, one of the best in the country. The manor has a large balcony, which may have been created for viewing theatrical performances and concerts.

9. Pay attention to the original decor of the estate. It's hard to believe that this is the work of serfs.

10. During the War of 1812, the estate was badly damaged and was looted. Batashev spent 300,000 silver rubles on its restoration, which was a lot of money back then.

11. After the revolution, the former estate, which became a hospital, did not formally change its purpose; the “hospital named after Medsantrud” was organized here. In the 1920s, the GPU ruled here. Executions and burials were carried out on the territory of the estate; in total, more than a thousand people were shot here. In their memory, a stone was erected with the names of those who could be identified.

12. It is clear that mostly young people were shot. The peak of repression occurred between 1921 and 1926.
There are still legends that ghosts roam the estate.

13. Next to the manor house there is an unusual church. I think it's worth going there separately.

14. Over the years, the main building has been rebuilt several times to suit the needs of the hospital, but the general features have been retained. I haven’t been inside, but they write that some of the details and interiors have been preserved.

15. Not everyone can leave the estate. I wonder how old this sign is?

16. We leave the territory of the estate. It was interesting to learn another of the many pages of the history of the capital and learn about the Batashev family.

Later in my magazine I will tell you more about the Batashevs, in whose footsteps we went to the Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod regions, and their history, but for now, I hope I have interested you in the old estate in Moscow.

Partners of the tour “In the footsteps of the Batashevs”:

The front gates of ancient casting and the massive lions guarding them immediately set the tone that this is not just a hospital, but a house with a long history. If you look into the fence, you can see a bright yellow palace with a strict classical portico. But that's not all!

Ivan Rodionovich Batashev, the wealthy owner of the Vyksa iron factories and Tula samovar factories, began building this estate on the high bank of the Yauza in 1799. It was built by the serf architect Kiselnikov, the author of the Batashev family nest in Vyksa. Kiselnikov worked on a project drawn up by the famous architect and co-author of the Kremlin and Prechistensky palaces.

The main building, a massive three-story building with a six-column portico with a pediment, stands in the depths of the courtyard behind a large palisade. The outbuildings, even more reminiscent of garden pavilions, stand along the red line and gracefully flank the corners of the main building. At the Batashevsky factories they cast a fence lattice, reminiscent of the lattice of the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg, and lions.

In 1812, Batashev and his family hastily left his palace. The marshal, driving with the vanguard along Shvivaya Gorka, drew attention to the grandiose house and ordered it to be occupied for himself. He was amazed by the luxury and richness of the furnishings and did not believe that this was a merchant’s house: “We don’t have such palaces in Paris,” he said. Murat set up a residence here, which saved the palace from fire, but did not save it from looting. The damage from standing was also significant, and the restoration of the estate of I.R. Batashev spent 300 thousand rubles.

After the death of 90-year-old Ivan Romanovich, the house went to his granddaughter Daria Ivanovna Batasheva, who married the hero of the Patriotic War, General D.D. Shepeleva. His portrait adorned the Military Gallery of 1812 in the Winter Palace, and his name was inscribed on a memorial plaque in the gallery of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. And since then, Muscovites called this palace Shepelevsky. The owner was very hospitable, and during the winter seasons he treated all of Moscow. In 1826, the Duke of Devonshire, the ambassador of the Queen of England at the coronation of Emperor Nicholas I, stayed here. After Shepelev’s death in 1841, V.A. was appointed guardian at the Batashevsky factories. Sukhovo-Kobylin (father of the writer). The Shepelevs' daughter Anna married Prince Lev Golitsyn and they inherited the house. After their death in 1879, the city bought the estate to house the Yauza hospital for unskilled workers.

After the revolution of 1917, the hospital was renamed the Medsantrud Hospital. It became departmental for the GPU and security officers were treated there. Here in the courtyard there is a secret burial place for victims of KGB executions. From 1921 to 1926, about a thousand people were buried here. Mostly young people, under 35 years of age: nobles, royal officers, professors, writers, priests, museum workers and a few foreigners. In 1999, a monument in the form of a large boulder was erected to all of them in the hospital courtyard. The plaque lists some of the identified names of these victims of repression.

So most often ghosts and apparitions are found in hospitals. And ours, Moscow, are no exception. True, these otherworldly restless creatures are not shown to everyone and not every day, but they are shown. And the older the hospital, the greater the chances of meeting its permanent residents. And if the hospital building had a history before the advent of the Aesculapians, then its legends may have much deeper roots.

Such a hospital with history can be called the Yauza Hospital, now Hospital No. 23.

And what’s interesting is that back in the 80s of the last century, several hospitals in the center of Moscow wanted to be united and transferred to the outskirts, to Khovrino, for which purpose they began construction.

But something incomprehensible happened, or the quicksand behaved incorrectly. Either the builders didn’t calculate something, but the Khovrinskaya hospital stands empty, giving rise to more and more secrets and riddles, rumors and incredible stories. There are already ghosts in it. But it was there that the Yauza hospital was supposed to move. Whether this is an accident or a coincidence, who knows. But for now, the Yauza hospital continues to operate and occasionally shares its secrets.

On Bolvanovka

The building of the Yauza Hospital is located on the street of the same name near the mouth of the Yauza River, which gave its names to both the hospital and the street, which has changed several names over its history. It was called either Nikolo-Bolvanovskaya - from the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Bolvanovka, standing on the top of Tagansky Hill, where artisans who made hat “blanks” lived in the settlement, or Tagannaya Street - from other local artisans who made cast-iron tagans for camping and kitchen boilers. In 1922, it was renamed International Street - in honor of the First International, and only in our time it was called Yauzskaya.

At one time, the Streltsy Teterinskaya Sloboda was located nearby, named after its chief, Colonel Teterin - there is a version that he participated in Ivan the Terrible’s campaign against Astrakhan. Now Teterinsky Lane, adjacent to the Yauzskaya Hospital, reminds us of this.

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Long before the hospital

They say that in these places, on Bolvanovka in Taganka, on the orders of Ivan III, the foreign doctor Leon was executed for failing to cure the son of Grand Duke John the Young. In fact, his execution took place on another Moscow Bolvanovka - in Zamoskvorechye, which is what we are talking about.

The area of Shvivaya Gorka, which is considered one of the famous seven hills of Moscow (and was named after the “ushiva”, prickly grass that densely covered this hill in ancient times), is already rich in historical monuments.

In these parts were the lands of the boyar Nikita Romanov, the brother of Ivan the Terrible’s first wife, Queen Anastasia, granted in 1655 to Patriarch Nikon for the courtyard of the Iversky Monastery.

The Yauzsky Palace of Peter I also stood here. And at the end of the 18th century, next to the Nikitsky Church on Shvivaya Gorka, Matvey Kazakov built a real palace for Count Bezborodko, which later passed to General Tutolmin and is believed to have become the prototype for the house of Count Bezukhov in Tolstoy’s novel “War” and peace".

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At the same time, here was the estate of the Chicherins, whose ancestor and ancestor Chicheri arrived in Moscow in the retinue of Princess Sophia Paleologus. The owners of this estate were the sisters of Alexander Pushkin’s grandmother, and after their surname the local lane was named Chicherinsky. It was in that place that the Batashovs’ palace, which later became the building of the Yauza hospital, attracted their attention.

Brothers Batashov

The new house on the Yauza, which belonged to one of the brothers, Ivan Rodionovich Batashev, occupied a huge property of 3 hectares, which corresponded to the status of the Batashev factory owners, the “second Demidovs,” who together with them founded an iron foundry production in Russia during the time of Peter I.

In fact, the Batashevs came from ancient hereditary blacksmiths of the Tula Armory Settlement and were directly connected with the Demidovs. The founder of this mining dynasty, Ivan Timofeevich Batashev, worked as a manager at the Demidov factories in Tula, and having become rich, he started his own business in 1716 - the production of iron, which was so necessary for Russia at that time. Moreover, it was Ivan Batashev Sr. who was at the origins of the production of the famous Tula samovars.

Batashevsky cast iron was considered the highest quality in Europe. Cast iron sculptures of the Arc de Triomphe in honor of 1812, Moscow fountains (two have survived - on Teatralnaya Square and near the building of the Academy of Sciences on Bolshaya Kaluzhskaya), trellises of the Kremlin gardens and even a chariot with horses on the pediment of the Bolshoi Theater - all this was made at the Batashev factories. The Batashevs also opened hospitals, shelters, soup kitchens, helped build the Bolshoi Theater and even the Moscow Zoo.

However, besides the bright side of their life, there is also a dark one. The brothers' cruelty became legendary. Andrei Rodionovich, the older brother described by Melnikov-Pechersky in the novel “On the Mountains,” especially distinguished himself.

On his properties, he allegedly organized the underground minting of counterfeit money, and at the expense of donations he had no fear of anything. He tortured workers, killed unwanted people. It didn’t cost him anything to push an official who came with an audit into a blast furnace, or to wall up three hundred workers in a dungeon when a commission was sent from Paul I to check information about the minting of counterfeit coins.

There was a legend about how one day an official came to the Batashevs’ house with an investigation, when rumors of atrocities reached high-ranking officials: he was led into an untidy room, where on the table lay fruit in a vase, an envelope with money and a note: “Eat the fruit, take the money and get out while you're alive."

However, this story is also told about the second brother, Ivan, and they say that even this happened within the walls of the palace on Yauzskaya, although the incident took place much earlier than its construction. But in this palace, dark dungeons and secret passages to the Yauza were later discovered. Although historians write that Ivan Rodionovich, although “not without cunning,” was a modest, honest and kind man, it was not without reason that when he died, the workers of his factories erected a tombstone for him with their own money with the inscription “To the Father-Benefactor of Children -subjects."

Castle

Having received the nobility, the Batashevs began to open their own houses in the capitals. Ivan Rodionovich settled in Moscow, and his house on the Yauza was built by his serf architect Kiselnikov. It is believed that the serf Kiselnikov only built according to a design drawn up by some famous architect. They even name Vasily Bazhenov, who also built for the Batashevs in their non-Moscow domains, or the French master Charles de Vally, who is also credited with the Sheremetev palace in the Kuskovo estate, but most often they consider Rodion Kazakov, a student and namesake of the famous Matvey Kazakov.

Ivan Batashev began building the estate in 1799, the same year his brother Andrei died. Batashev bought a plot of six lanes - it was one of the largest private estates in old Moscow. There is a version that even then Batashev intended to give it to his beloved granddaughter, and Tagannaya Street was decorated with a monument “fabulous in architecture and beauty.”

According to the old Moscow tradition, the main house stands in the depths of the courtyard, contrary to Peter the Great's decree on red lines, when all houses should line up along the edge of the sidewalk. But Batashev found a way to bypass the Tsar’s decree - outbuildings with a fence (which is compared only with the lattice of the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg) and gates decorated with cast-iron lions of Batashev’s casting were placed on the line. It is interesting that some masks and figures are depicted with typically Russian faces, while others are endowed with the appearance of Roman patricians.

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French ruin

In 1812, the house had to be abandoned in great haste, and Napoleonic Marshal Joachim Murat, whose troops were the first to enter empty Moscow, set up his residence in the Batashev Palace. But this saved the palace from fire. When the flames flared up near the Yauzsky Bridge, French soldiers, together with the Russians, defended the estate. Batashev left all the servants and the clerk in the house, who described in detail to him in letters everything that was happening in the palace. But the French were in earnest: they demanded separate rooms and a “master’s bed”, and dinner in it. There was one cod in the house, which was given to Murat, and the rest were content with black bread. After three days of stay, on September 7, Murat left for Gorokhovo Field, to the palace of Count Razumovsky.

Legend has it that out of respect for Batashev's relative - the famous general Mikhail Miloradovich, who was later killed by the Decembrist Kakhovsky on Senate Square, Murat violated Napoleon's order and did not blow up the estate after his departure - it was one of the few in Moscow that survived the fire of 1812. However, he did not spare the neighboring Simeon Church, which had just been rebuilt with Batashev’s money. And the house itself was so damaged that the owner, upon returning, spent 300 thousand silver rubles on its restoration.

Shepelevsky house

Ivan Batashev lived for 90 years, burying all his children, and left his huge fortune, along with the Moscow house on the Yauza and the Vyksa factories, to his beloved granddaughter Daria Ivanovna. Her unlucky father was known in the family as a dandy and a ladies' man, for which he ended up in couplets:

Without breaking the habit

Get close, Batashev -

This is a net for a poor bird

This is a nice bird catcher.

The daughter took after her father: she loved the outfits she went to Paris to buy, changed her jewelry at every ball and tried to look like a real aristocrat. In Paris they played it out and told tall tales in the spirit of the fairy tale about the naked king. Returning to Moscow, she repeated them:

Imagine what these lovely shirts are, how you put them on, and look around, well, you can clearly see everything.
And Daria Ivanovna also received the attention of the coupletists:

Longer the eyes are amazed

The shine of expensive stones...

Shepeleva shines

In their magnificent utensils.

Her husband is a hussar in uniform

Got it in my head

What handsome man is there in the world like him?

Rarely has anyone seen it yet.

Mustache measuring half an arshin

He grew it for everyone to see

Shepelev in our eyes.

The efforts were not in vain. She managed to find herself a wonderful match. Daria married the hero of the Patriotic War, General Shepelev, whose name was included on a memorial plaque in the gallery of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. After the death of Ivan Batashov in 1821, General Shepelev received, together with Daria, a huge fortune, including a Moscow house, henceforth called Shepelevsky.

His distant ancestor, the German Schel, arrived in Russia to serve under Dmitry Donskoy, and General Shepelev himself took part in the famous battles of Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets and the village of Krasnoye, where the course of the Patriotic War was turned around and the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia began. Shepelev's troops pursued him all the way to Berezina - there Napoleon left the Russian land.

The general entertained the whole of Moscow at his winter dinners, and in 1826 the British Ambassador, the Duke of Devonshire, who came for the coronation of Nicholas I, stayed with him. The estate was rented especially for the Duke for 65 thousand rubles.

Shepelev became the manager of the Vyksa factories, where he managed to modernize production, but was unable to stop the impending collapse. After his death in 1841 and the ruin of the Shepelevs, Colonel V.A. Sukhovo-Kobylin (father of the famous writer) was appointed guardian, who established new management at the factories.

The Shepelevs' daughter Anna married Prince Lev Golitsyn, and the house remained in their possession.

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Hospital

After the death of the owners, the estate was bought by the city in 1876 for the Yauz hospital for unskilled workers. And in 1879, after reconstruction by the architect Meingard, a city hospital opened here. Its chief physician, surgeon Fyodor Berezkin, managed to provide the hospital with such advanced operating rooms that they were provided for Western medical luminaries who came to Moscow. The city and doctors were helped by merchants and philanthropists in setting up the Yauza hospital. Among its main benefactors were the Startsevs, Russian beekeepers and honey producers. At the expense of the son of the Moscow governor Durnovo, together with the capital of the merchant Titov, in 1899 a house church was erected at the Yauz hospital in honor of the icon “Joy of All Who Sorrow”, connected to the main building by a small passage. And on the ground floor there was the Church of St. Sergius for funeral services for the dead.

In February 1905, this church was visited by Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna, who in those days became a widow. A bomb thrown in the Kremlin by the terrorist Kalyaev killed both Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and his coachman Andrei. On February 9, Elizaveta Feodorovna came to the church to pay her last respects to her faithful servant, defended the liturgy and requiem service and walked the coffin to the Saratov (Paveletsky) station.

The press of the early 20th century often mentioned the hospital:

February 26 (13), 1902: Yesterday at the Einem factory on Sofia embankment. Alexander Baranov, 27 years old, working in the caramel department, began to feast on an ethereal essence known as “white wine from the Bush plant,” and after drinking it, he fell into an unconscious state. The poisoned person was taken to the Yauza hospital.

After the revolution

In 1918, the hospital was named “named after Vsemedicosantrud,” but since it was impossible to pronounce, the name was simplified - “hospital named after Medsantrud,” as the trade union of medical workers was then called. This name can still be seen today on the building of the main building. But in the end, the Yauzskaya hospital became departmental for the GPU-OGPU in 1918, and it not only treated security officers, but also shot them, and even secretly buried in the courtyard the victims who were brought at night from the Ivanovo Monastery, where the prison camp was located. From 1921 to 1926, 969 people were buried here. It had its own security, a reliable fence, a park, and hidden courtyards.

It is known that these were young people, under 35 years old, most with higher education: nobles, royal officers, professors, writers, priests, museum workers and several foreigners. If you go through the arch separating the house church from the hospital into the courtyard, you can see a monument to these victims of Soviet terror in the form of a large pink boulder, installed in 1999.

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The names of the 103 victims are listed in alphabetical order on the memorial plaque. The rest remained unknown. They are considered criminals, which, of course, is quite doubtful. The execution orders were signed by Genrikh Yagoda. This was done then in entire lists. They say that the ghosts of innocent victims still sometimes haunt local residents. But they do it very delicately: just as they appear out of nowhere, they disappear. Mainly in the place where there is a pink stone with the names of victims of repression.

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Ganin case

Among those shot and buried on the hospital grounds were four poets. One of them is Sergei Yesenin’s friend, Alexey Ganin, who put forward the idea of the “Great Zemsky Sobor,” the restoration of the national state and the cleansing of the country from the “invaders who enslaved it.”

On November 2, 1924, Ganin was arrested in Moscow. Sheets with “Theses of the Manifesto of Russian Nationalists” were placed in his coat pocket. Ganin was named the leader of the organization. The “Theses” were immediately handed over to Genrikh Yagoda. On March 27, 1925, the Secretary of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Enukidze, single-handedly decided on an extrajudicial verdict, allowing the OGPU board to deal with the “fascists.” There is a version according to which the case of the “Order of Russian Fascists” was fabricated according to the scenario of the OGPU leadership.

Alexey Ganin was shot in the basements of the Lubyanka after brutal torture, which was led by the head of the seventh department of the SO OGPU Abram Slavotinsky. Ganin’s ashes were buried on the territory of the Yauza hospital. The case against Ganin was dropped only on October 6, 1966 for lack of evidence of a crime. Ganin was rehabilitated posthumously.

In 2003, a street in Vologda was named after Alexei Ganin.

From the poems of Alexei Ganin:

The comb of the Sun fell on the grass,

drops pearls under the shadow of spruce trees,

Reeds and groves intertwined

in gilded, green wickerwork.

Along slopes and hills

humpback villages,

Drinking in the silence

go back centuries.

CLOUD HORSES

Earth and sky in a quiet ringing.

The lips of the living sing in the graves.

And the cloud horses came out

On the slopes of blue pastures.

Ears twitch playfully

To the sweet call of the second heaven,

And golden manes are pouring

To the ground in a dozing forest.

And come to life in dark strands

Blind paws of coniferous hands.

Crosses stand up in colored outfits

On the hills of human torment.

And into the distance to the sunny mountains

White crosses rise.

And they pour into the open spaces of the meadows

Living, singing flowers.

Hospital

But the hospital continued to operate. Typhus patients were also treated here during the Civil War, and during the Great Patriotic War there was a surgical hospital here: in 1943, it was here that penicillin was used for the first time in the USSR to treat patients. During those difficult years, the hospital became an advanced surgical hospital with an area of 1,000 beds.

Since the beginning of the 1930s, the hospital was the base of surgical and therapeutic clinics of medical institutes; such famous medical professors as Davydovsky, Rufanov, Faerman, Kogan worked here. By the way, the nurse’s son also lived here - a certain Misha Nozhkin, later a famous singer and actor.

Palace architecture

The main surviving parts of the estate: the main building, two outbuildings, a church, outbuildings and a manor garden. Located at Yauzskaya street, building 11.

The building materials were plastered brick and white stone. The main palace was decorated with an extensive six-column portico. The main building was connected to two wings, located on the sides of the front courtyard, with covered galleries (not preserved today). The northern façade of the building was decorated with a loggia-risalit with large open openings; The exterior decor of the building is interesting and intricately designed. The original interior decoration of the palace was only partially preserved: the decoration of the lobby and the decoration of the main staircase were not damaged.

I suddenly wandered into the hospital yard with a camera...

He built the estate on Yauzskaya Street in 1798–1802. serf architect M.P. Kiselnikov according to a project attributed to S. De Valli, and V. Bazhenov, and, finally, R.R. Kazakov (Church of Martin the Confessor, Church of Barbara on Varvarka, individual buildings of the Kuzminki estate).

It all starts, of course, with the main gate and pylons with smiling lions.

The lions refused to pose, I had to take one from another walk:P

Main house. The estate was built on a Russian scale.
The owner is a major industrialist Ivan Rodionovich Batashev, the owner of the iron smelting plants in Vyksa, where, by the way, the cast iron sculptures of the Moscow Arc de Triomphe and parts of the Moscow water fountains were cast.

Details of the main facade.

In 1812, when Napoleon’s army entered Moscow, Marshal Joachim Murat set up his residence in the house abandoned by the owner. Probably thanks to this, although the estate was badly damaged, it survived the fire that destroyed the entire surrounding area.

After the death of I.R. Batashev in 1820, all the property along with the estate went to his granddaughter Daria Ivanovna (married to Shepeleva, her husband was a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General D.D. Shepelev).
Then the estate was owned by the Shepelevs’ daughter, Anna, with her husband, Prince L.G. Golitsyn, and after their death (A.D. in 1861, L.G. in 1871), the estate was bought by the city and in 1878 Yauzskaya was opened there hospital for laborers (later simply Yauzskaya hospital).
In 1924-25 the institution became known as the Hospital named after. Union "Vsemedicsantrud", then Hospital named after. Medsantrud Union, and now it is City Clinical Hospital No. 23 named after. Medsantruda.

South side of the Main House. In the center you can see a fragment of a gallery stretching from the main house to the southern wing.

Southern wing.

Rear facade of the Main House.

The courtyard of the estate hangs over the courtyard of the Church of Simeon the Stylite (it is not known exactly, but perhaps also R.R. Kazakov). They say that soon after construction the church collapsed and was restored at the expense of Batashev.

MORGUE. Former outbuildings.

North side. On the left is the former northern entrance, on the right is the hospital church in honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow,” built in 1898-1899 by architect N.V. Rozov.