Unemployment rate formula. Dynamics of unemployment in the Russian Federation Number of unemployed in the Russian Federation

According to the FSGS, in the second quarter of 2018, unemployment in Russia amounted to 4.8%. This is one of the lowest figures in the entire history of the Russian Federation. Compared to 2017, statistics show increase in employment by 0.7 points. If we draw parallels with the crisis year of 2009, the unemployment rate has almost halved: that year the unemployment rate was 8.3%.

The unemployment rate is made up of the following values:

• Economically active population (EAP). The number of economically inactive citizens includes disabled, elderly or minor persons;
• Next, the unemployment rate in Russia itself is calculated: those from the EAN who are not employed are unemployed.

• Let's say we need to calculate the percentage of unemployed out of 1000 people living in a given region. From the total population, you need to subtract economically inactive citizens - let's say there are 280 of them in the region;
• Among the remaining 720 people, 120 citizens do not work. Calculating the percentage of the total, the unemployment rate is 16.67%.

This is the calculation method used by the Federal State Statistics Service (FSGS). It is customary among economists to use statistical data obtained from the FSGS, because they are transparent and mathematically correct.

Employment dynamics in Russia, according to FSGS reports, shows that the unemployment rate is declining in 2019-2020 compared to previous years: the national average decreased from 5.5% in 2018 to 4.7%.

At the moment, statistics are available from current reports only for the third quarter of 2019, but for a complete understanding of the situation, these data are sufficient: according to FSGS reports, since September 2019, no sharp deterioration in the unemployment situation has occurred.

Unemployment rate depending on age.

Unemployment by education.

Sections by region

Of course, employment dynamics vary depending on geography, regional demographics, etc. Therefore, the answer to the question of how many unemployed there are in Russia must always be clarified: do we mean general federal values ​​or broken down by region.

As of 2020, traditionally low unemployment is shown by large cities of the federation, as well as highly urbanized regions. For example, Central Federal District, including Moscow and the Moscow region, shows an unemployment rate of 3.1% of the total number of working citizens (hereinafter - data for the second quarter of 2018).

Northwestern Federal District, including St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, lags behind slightly with an unemployment rate of 4.4%. IN Volga Federal District the unemployment rate is 4.7%, in other federal subjects indicators are approaching general federal values.

And, conversely, more than 60% of all unemployed people are in villages, villages and less urbanized regions: for example, the “leader” in this area is North Caucasus Federal District with an average of 11%. Individual entities - e.g. The Republic of Ingushetia- set new records: in this republic the unemployment rate was 26.2%, Tyva Republic catches up with an indicator of 18.8%.

You can find a complete list of statistical data taking into account the characteristics of regions and their employment indicators in the table below.

	Labor force, thousands of people	Busy	Unemployed	Unemployment, %
Russian Federation	76518,4	73001,5	3516,9	4,6
Central Federal District	21464,7	20876,2	588,6	2,7
Belgorod region	827,6	795,4	32,1	3,9
Bryansk region	629,6	607,6	22,0	3,5
Vladimir region	722,6	690,8	31,8	4,4
Voronezh region	1186,6	1149,9	36,7	3,1
Ivanovo region	526,7	504,3	22,5	4,3
Kaluga region	559,6	535,9	23,7	4,2
Kostroma region	318,6	304,6	13,9	4,4
Kursk region	574,1	552,1	22,0	3,8
Lipetsk region	599,7	577,4	22,4	3,7
Moscow region	4149,0	4042,7	106,3	2,6
Oryol Region	363,1	345,7	17,4	4,8
Ryazan Oblast	547,6	527,0	20,7	3,8
Smolensk region	514,7	490,1	24,6	4,8
Tambov Region	500,5	481,1	19,4	3,9
Tver region	687,3	660,2	27,1	3,9
Tula region	797,6	767,4	30,3	3,8
Yaroslavl region	670,5	643,1	27,3	4,1
Moscow	7289,4	7200,9	88,5	1,2
Northwestern Federal District	7516,0	7232,2	283,8	3,8
Republic of Karelia	310,4	284,7	25,7	8,3
Komi Republic	451,8	420,1	31,7	7,0
Arhangelsk region	571,7	535,1	36,5	6,4
Vologda Region	569,7	542,9	26,8	4,7
Kaliningrad region	521,5	497,9	23,6	4,5
Leningrad region	965,4	927,6	37,8	3,9
Murmansk region	424,3	396,2	28,1	6,6
Novgorod region	311,4	298,6	12,8	4,1
Pskov region	327,8	311,8	16,0	4,9
Saint Petersburg	3062,0	3017,3	44,8	1,5
Southern Federal District	8262,0	7821,0	441,0	5,3
Republic of Adygea	200,9	183,7	17,2	8,6
Republic of Kalmykia	137,5	125,3	12,2	8,8
Republic of Crimea	902,3	852,7	49,5	5,5
Krasnodar region	2841,7	2705,0	136,7	4,8
Astrakhan region	512,3	474,3	38,0	7,4
Volgograd region	1314,2	1241,9	72,3	5,5
Rostov region	2134,6	2027,6	106,9	5,0
Sevastopol	218,6	210,5	8,1	3,7
North Caucasus Federal District	4697,7	4233,0	464,7	9,9
The Republic of Dagestan	1377,0	1230,8	146,3	10,6
The Republic of Ingushetia	248,6	183,2	65,4	26,3
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic	460,3	415,8	44,5	9,7
Karachay-Cherkess Republic	214,2	191,9	22,3	10,4
Republic of North Ossetia–Alania	367,3	336,5	30,8	8,4
Chechen Republic	628,8	543,7	85,2	13,5
Stavropol region	1401,4	1331,2	70,2	5,0
Volga Federal District	15197,7	14560,9	636,8	4,2
Republic of Bashkortostan	1954,5	1860,2	94,3	4,8
Mari El Republic	337,9	326,6	11,3	3,4
The Republic of Mordovia	424,8	408,0	16,7	3,9
Republic of Tatarstan	2042,3	1978,2	64,2	3,1
Udmurt republic	778,7	745,7	33,0	4,2
Chuvash Republic	619,7	590,2	29,5	4,8
Perm region	1274,2	1206,3	67,9	5,3
Kirov region	661,8	628,6	33,2	5,0
Nizhny Novgorod Region	1758,1	1687,0	71,2	4,0
Orenburg region	1040,0	998,0	42,0	4,0
Penza region	704,1	673,6	30,5	4,3
Samara Region	1748,0	1684,6	63,4	3,6
Saratov region	1215,3	1157,2	58,1	4,8
Ulyanovsk region	638,2	616,7	21,4	3,4
Ural Federal District	6383,7	6092,7	291,0	4,6
Kurgan region	384,1	357,2	26,9	7,0
Sverdlovsk region	2167,4	2064,2	103,2	4,8
Tyumen region	1959,1	1902,1	57,0	2,9
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	315,4	309,4	5,9	1,9
Chelyabinsk region	1873,1	1769,2	103,9	5,5
Siberian Federal District	9648,9	9016,1	632,8	6,6
Altai Republic	94,3	83,7	10,6	11,2
The Republic of Buryatia	463,7	423,4	40,3	8,7
Tyva Republic	130,1	114,1	16,0	12,3
The Republic of Khakassia	256,2	242,2	14,1	5,5
Altai region	1161,0	1097,1	63,9	5,5
Transbaikal region	530,6	477,1	53,5	10,1
Krasnoyarsk region	1498,9	1421,6	77,3	5,2
Irkutsk region	1170,3	1071,5	98,8	8,4
Kemerovo region	1321,9	1244,4	77,5	5,9
Novosibirsk region	1448,1	1357,9	90,2	6,2
Omsk region	1033,4	969,6	63,8	6,2
Tomsk region	540,4	513,5	27,0	5,0
Far Eastern Federal District	3347,8	3169,5	178,3	5,3
Yakutia	509,4	475,2	34,1	6,7
Kamchatka Krai	177,9	171,7	6,3	3,5
Primorsky Krai	1046,9	987,1	59,8	5,7
Khabarovsk region	717,7	686,2	31,5	4,4
Amur region	415,2	394,1	21,0	5,1
Magadan Region	89,1	84,4	4,6	5,2
Sakhalin region	281,9	267,7	14,2	5,0
Jewish Autonomous Region	79,3	73,8	5,5	6,9
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	30,4	29,2	1,2	4,0

Unemployment dynamics

At the moment, it can be argued that the number of unemployed in Russia has been steadily decreasing since 1999. Spikes of unemployment were observed only in the crisis years: 2009 and 2015.

The causes of unemployment in Russia are usually associated with falling prices for oil - the country's main export commodity, which makes up the majority of federal GDP: if prices fall, the unemployment rate rises, but the opposite is also true.

Therefore, we could see disastrous employment statistics in the period from 1991 to 1999, when a barrel of oil cost $20-25 (compared to the current $60-65). This also explains the spikes in unemployment in 2008 and 2015.

According to official sources, the level of unemployment is falling due to low requirements for business - in particular, due to low minimum wages and the legal “flexibility” of Russian legislation. For example, many heads of enterprises in Russia register employees for the “minimum wage”, i.e. paying only part of the real income under the employment contract, everything else is paid in an envelope.

Everyone except the employee benefits: the employer saves on tax contributions, the Federal State Statistics Service receives data on high employment rates. The employee receives low social security due to the fact that receiving a salary in an envelope automatically means the risk of deception on the part of the employer. Not entirely legal employment leads to other problems: formalization of the bureaucracy, concealment of real statistics from the state.

AND from here we can conclude about the so-called. "hidden unemployment". These are those people who are officially listed as employed, but in fact do not receive income. In this case, the employer takes advantage of legal loopholes and, for example, sends the employee on long unpaid leave. As a result, the person actually does not work, but is not included in the unemployment statistics.

Therefore, the employment dynamics in the country as a whole are as follows:

• Official unemployment is falling. Since 2018, it has fallen by 0.7 points to 4.8%. Note: These figures also include problem regions with traditionally low employment;
• As a result of the crisis, the shadow sector is growing, and hidden unemployment is behind it. Unlike European countries, in the Russian Federation the employment level is calculated without taking into account hidden unemployment, as a result the unemployment rate in the country is one of the lowest in the world. But these data do not reflect the real situation. And these realities, unfortunately, show the disappointing state of the labor market.

Forecast of what to expect in 2020

We can expect a continuation of the trends observed in modern Russia: unemployment, both real and according to official data, is unlikely to increase. In this regard, the opinion of the director of the Institute of Social Analysis and Forecasting of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Tatyana Maleva, who is researching the current labor market in the country, is very indicative (quote from an interview with RIA Novosti):

“Yes, Russia has low unemployment - one of the lowest in the world. But in economic theory there is a clear correlation: with a low standard of living, low unemployment costs the population low wages. And vice versa: if wages are high, and the standard of living as a whole falls across the country, unemployment increases greatly - we see this in the example of modern Spain. In other words, if living standards fall but employment does not, wages inevitably fall.”

Unemployment in the world.

Based on official data, registered unemployment will not increase, at least not quickly. However, since 2014 the standard of living has been steadily falling, this leads to two consequences:

• Although official statistics will not register this, the rate of hidden unemployment and the role of the shadow sector will increase;
• Finally, wages will decrease even more significantly in real terms (i.e., in terms of a food basket that can be purchased in Russian rubles).

Conclusion

So, what is the unemployment rate in Russia? The Russian Federation is characterized by a low level of employment in poorly urbanized regions and, conversely, in large metropolitan areas there are still many vacant jobs. By 2020, the employment rate increased by another 0.7 points, which is generally a very good indicator.

However, official statistics do not reflect the real situation on the labor market due to the widespread use of “shadow” payments. Therefore, in 2020, one should not expect a sharp drop in officially registered employment in the country; an actual drop in this indicator is also unlikely. The only problem that will become a problem in the near future is a decrease in wages in real terms.

To the unemployed, in relation to the standards of the International Labor Organization (ILO), include persons at the age established for measuring the economic activity of the population, who during the period under review simultaneously met the following criteria:

• did not have a job (gainful occupation);
• were looking for work, i.e. contacted a government or commercial employment service, used or placed advertisements in the press, directly contacted the administration of the organization (employer), used personal connections, etc. or took steps to organize their own business;
• were ready to start work during the survey week.

Students, pensioners and disabled people are counted as unemployed if they were looking for work and were ready to start work.

The unemployed registered with state employment service institutions include able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings (labor income), living on the territory of the Russian Federation, registered with the employment service at their place of residence in order to find suitable work, looking for work and ready to start work. her.

Unemployment rate— the ratio of the number of unemployed people of a certain age group to the number of the corresponding age group, %.

Unemployment rate formula

Unemployment rate is the share of unemployed in the total.

It is measured as a percentage and calculated using the formula:

Statistics of the unemployment rate in Russia by year

The unemployment rate (the ratio of the total number of unemployed to the economically active population, %) is shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Dynamics of unemployment in Russia from 1992 to 2008

The minimum unemployment rate for the analyzed period was in 1992 - 5.2%. The unemployment rate reached its maximum in 1998 - 13.2%. By 2007, the unemployment rate dropped to 6.1%, and in 2008, the unemployment rate increased to 6.3%. It should be noted that the problem of unemployment is most acute not in large regions as a whole, but at the local level: in small and medium-sized cities with a concentration of military and light industry, on unfinished construction sites of large enterprises, in mining villages of the Far North, “closed” zones and etc.

Statistics and structure of unemployment in Russia

In a sociological study of unemployment, it is necessary to take into account its structure, which includes (Fig. 2):

• open unemployment - it is formed by status unemployed people registered at labor exchanges and in employment centers at their place of residence. In 2009, their number was 2,147,300 people;
• hidden unemployment, which covers non-status unemployed people, i.e. persons who do not have a job or are looking for one, but are not registered on exchanges and employment centers. Their number in 2009 was 1,638,900 people.

The form of unemployment determines the economic behavior of the individual and his level of individual and social mobility in employment and professions.

Rice. 2. Structure of unemployment

Level and scale of unemployment

In 1999 (i.e., after the 1998 crisis), the total number of unemployed reached its maximum for the entire period of economic reforms and amounted to 9.1 million (Table 1). In the second quarter of 1999, the negative trend of increasing the total number of unemployed in Russia was overcome. By 2008 it had dropped to 4.6 million people; At the same time, there were approximately 1.6 million officially registered unemployed.

The threat of job loss and unemployment in society since 1992 has been the most persistent among other types of threats to personal security in Russia.

According to sociological research by VTsIOM, the threat of rising unemployment in Russian society was noted by: 24% of the population in 1996 (February), 27% in 2000 (November), 28% in 2003 (October), 14% in 2007.

One of features of unemployment in Russia— its gender structure. The share of women among the registered unemployed was 65% in 2006, and in a number of northern regions - 70-80%.

The financial and economic crisis has led to increased gender competition in the labor market and increased discrimination against women in the registered market.

Table 1. Dynamics of changes in the structure of Russian unemployed in 1992-2009.

Regarding unemployment in Russia, the following can be said:

• unemployment remains high;
• in the socio-professional structure of the unemployed, the share of students, pupils and pensioners has decreased significantly since 1992, but in 2009 there was an upward trend;
• the number of unemployed in rural areas has increased sharply: from 16.8% in 1992 to 32.4% in 2009;
• female unemployment has changed its vector.

Among the status unemployed, the majority are women, and among the non-status unemployed, the majority are men.

Unemployment becomes gender-symmetrical in age. Thus, among men the average age of the unemployed is 34.2 years, among women - 34.1 years. In general, the average age of the unemployed in Russian society is slowly decreasing: from 34.7 years in 2001 to 34.1 years in 2006.

The structure of Russian unemployment has also changed in terms of educational level, but the unemployed remain the most educated among the unemployed in capitalist countries (Table 2). Educational asymmetry in the gender structure of the unemployed indicates that among Russian unemployed people with a high educational status, women predominate, while men are the main low-skilled part of the unemployed population.

Table 2. Gender and educational structure of the Russian unemployed for 2009, %

The characteristics of the marital status of the Russian unemployed are visible from Table. 3. The majority of the registered (status) unemployed are married women. There are 1.5 times more widowed and divorced women among unemployed women than among men. Among the unemployed, there are significantly more single men than unmarried women.

Table 3. Gender and family characteristics of the Russian unemployed at the end of 2009, %

The highest share among the unemployed by age is among young people aged 20-24 (21.8%). Here gender does not play a significant role (22.3% among men, 21.2% among women). The general dynamics of the unemployed by age in gender groups is presented in Fig. 4.3.

Rice. 3. Age and gender structure of unemployed Russians: 1 - men; 2-women

The group at highest risk and threat of becoming unemployed are young people aged 20 to 29 years. The highest increase in unemployment is typical for rural youth (2 times higher than in 1992).

How the two components of the object of economic sociology “employed” and “unemployed” statistically correlate with each other in the category “economically active population” is shown in Table. 4.

IN financial and banking sector Before the financial crisis of 1998, the labor market was very dynamic and expanded rapidly, but after the financial crisis it sharply declined and was seriously deformed, which was accompanied by a reduction in the number of employees (especially in the banking sector), and increased downward social mobility of specialists.

Social negative consequences of unemployment are associated with the transition of an individual from one status state (employed) to another (unemployed) and manifest themselves: in the form of increased depression, a decrease in the level of social optimism, a break in established communication ties, changes in value orientations, and a transition to a marginal state. The main thing is that the individual is deprived of the material basis for his development, the level and quality of his life fall.

Table 4. Structure of the economically active population of Russia in 2008, million people

Duration of unemployment(or duration of job search) is an important socio-psychological indicator and represents the time during which a person who has lost his job is looking for a new job opportunity, using any means.

The most actively used forms of job search are:

• contacting government or commercial employment services;
• submitting advertisements to print, responding to advertisements;
• contacting friends, relatives, acquaintances;
• direct contact with the administration, the employer - Internet search and proactive distribution of resumes to the addresses of potential employers - a form of employment used mainly by the unemployed age groups from 20-24 to 40-44 years.

The average duration of searching for a new job was: 4.4 months. in 1992; 9.7 months in 1999; 7.7 months in 2008. This is a fairly long period, which is explained by competition in the labor and employment market, as well as its limitations, especially in the regions.

It's no secret that unemployment in Russia has always been at a high level. This is why many are interested in what it was like in 2016 and what percentage it was in relation to the total population.

Statistics show that in 2016, unemployment affected 5.8% of the total population. And although this figure does not seem too large, in practice it is almost 4.5 million people who are registered on the labor exchange and, in fact, are in a poor state. This is 0.2% more than in 2015, but 2.5% less than in 2009, when the country was in distress and the unemployment rate reached 8.3%.

Where to find official unemployment data

If you are not used to believing ordinary statisticians, but prefer official data on the unemployment rate in Russia, then you should visit the website of the FSGS of Russia. Here are several statistical tables, including the following data:

• a table of how much employers need workers (only those organizations that have declared their need to the employment service are taken into account);
• statistics on the number of citizens who are registered with the employment service;
• dynamics of the number of unemployed, divided by the duration of the search for a job;
• employment level of the population in the time period from 15 to 72 years;
• population with economically active status.

On the website you can view unemployment statistics from 2010 to 2016.

Unemployment statistics in Russia at the beginning of 2016

So, as was already said at the very beginning of the article, the level of unemployed at the beginning of 2016 was 5.8% or, if calculated numerically, this is almost 4.5 million people. At the same time, accordingly, the percentage of workers was 94.2%, which is equal to 71.3 million people. But 52% or 75.8 million have the status of economically active population.

As the data shows, The fewest unemployed people now live in the capital - their percentage is 1.5%. But the majority of unemployed people are currently in Ingushetia - here the percentage of unemployed is off the charts at 20%.

The data is also such that, starting from the beginning of 2011, when the unemployment rate reached 7.8%, there is a significant downward trend, since at the beginning of 2016 it was 5.8%. However, there is also bad news, as in recent years there has been a slight increase in the level of unemployment - experts attribute this to staff reductions.

As the dynamics graphs show, at the very beginning of 2014, unemployment remained at the same level as at the end of 2013. In addition, in 2014 there was even a slight decrease in the unemployment rate, but in mid-summer the graph went up, which indicates that a large number of people remained unemployed during this period.

Making the right calculations

People often judge how many people are unemployed in our time by the total population, of which there are currently more than 140 million in our country. This is true, but only partly, because when calculating, you should not take into account children, pensioners, disabled people, and so on. The calculation takes into account only the economically active population, which is equal to approximately half of all people in the country. So, what data is given on this matter?

Currently the percentage active population is 52%, which is about 76 million people. If we talk, on the contrary, about the inactive, then the percentage is slightly lower - almost 71 million or the remaining 48%. And this is based on the fact that there are almost 147 million people in the country now, which, accordingly, equals 100%.

Of course, statistical data differs somewhat from reality, which Rosstat also warns Russian citizens about and gives the following explanations:

1. Only part of the population is taken into account, and not all citizens living in the country. The official source reports that only a select portion of people are taken into account.
2. Also Crimea is not taken into account during calculations, which is also indicated on the website.
3. First of all the number of unemployed people is decreasing not by employing unemployed citizens, but due to the fact that the number of economically active population decreases, which was discussed earlier. To put it in simpler terms, there are more young and old people, but, on the contrary, there are fewer people of working age.

The following fact should also be taken into account. Unfortunately, the situation is such that there is simply no information about the employment of many people, or it has become outdated over time (the person quit or, conversely, got a job, but this was not recorded). Data about such people somewhat distort the general statistics of the situation in the country.

What to expect in 2017

As experts predict, the number of people left without work will continue to grow, because the crisis has not yet passed our country, and the Russian government still continues to optimize the budget, due to which many citizens are losing their jobs. It is planned that the number of people without a job this year will reach 7%, which is significantly more than in 2014 and 2015.

Of course, one can never say exactly how high the level will be, because budget optimization is exclusively of a “wave” nature, which means that unemployment will not increase sharply, but gradually. As for the authorities, they advise citizens not to panic and not to make hasty conclusions, because they promise to pay for material benefits at the labor exchange, and this means that no one will be left without a means of living. True, the amount of the benefit is so small that it will be frankly difficult to live on it.

By the way, economists say that not everything is so simple here either. Of the total population, only 10% will be able to find a job without work, which means that the rest of the people will live on benefits, which the state will still have to pay, which will not have the best effect on the country’s economy (and indeed, for such a number of people It will be quite expensive to pay even small benefits).

What does the government say about this

According to Rosstat, this issue looks very pessimistic, because, according to experts, the percentage of unemployed will drop as much as ten. Moreover, it is not yet clear to experts in which specific areas of activity the window will be gaping, however, one thing is clear - the first to suffer will be those citizens who work in the environment of entrepreneurship, services, or are employed in production sectors.

By the way, entrepreneurs will have the worst of it, because they will have to pay increased amounts of taxes from this year, accordingly, their income will seriously drop, and some will have to abandon their business altogether.

There are other data. As experts in this field predict, the least number of unemployed people will be in the center of the country (in St. Petersburg and the capital) - here the situation with a decrease in demand for personnel will be almost unnoticeable. But on the periphery of Russia everything will be much sadder. The data from previous years speaks to the same thing - just look at Ingushetia to understand how bad everything is on the outskirts of the country.

Interesting statistics

By the way, it is at least encouraging that the level of youth unemployment is currently at a low level, because in our time it is much easier for young people to find jobs than for older people. And young people themselves are trying not to sit on government support, but to look for optimally profitable jobs to provide themselves and their loved ones with a comfortable life.

What conclusions can be drawn?

If we summarize all of the above, we can conclude that the forecast for unemployment in 2017 for the country does not sound very positive, as indicated by the opinions of various experts. However, you shouldn’t worry too much about this, since you can always find a place to work and make money, especially if you have the desire and a certain zeal. And in order to find your place in the workforce as quickly as possible, you should definitely register at the labor exchange, because there are many vacancies for those who want to earn money and even training courses. And losing a job, as practice shows, is not always a tragedy - it often allows you to reconsider your values ​​and find a job you like.

The theoretical essence of the labor market and the problem of unemployment. The essence of unemployment, its types, causes and consequences. Forms of unemployment. Dynamics of unemployment in the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2016. Analysis of the state of unemployment in Russia for 2016-2017. Unemployment rate by region of Russia in 2016-2017. The fight against unemployment in Russia: directions, methods, results. Measures to combat unemployment taken by the Government of the Russian Federation in 2016-2017.

Coursework on the topic:

Unemployment in Russia in 2016-2017

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1. The theoretical essence of the labor market and the problem of unemployment.

1.1 Labor market, its concept and essence

Chapter 2. Analysis of the state of unemployment in Russia for 2016-2017.

2.1 Analysis of unemployment in Russia in 2000-2016

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

The economic well-being of any country depends on the rate of economic growth. There are several determinants or factors of economic development. For example, such as industrialization, agriculture, population, employment, etc. One of the main indicators of economic growth is the employment rate, since its decline has an adverse effect on the entire economy. Whenever there is a high level of employment, production improves, thereby raising the standard of living.

The country's high unemployment rate leads to social and economic problems in society as a whole. Economic problems lead to decreased production of goods and services, decreased income distribution, loss of tax revenue, decreased GDP levels, etc.

Unemployment is the most serious problem facing governments around the world. Politicians and scientists are trying their best to solve this problem. The worsening employment problem threatens a deterioration in the economic situation, and subsequently, a social revolution.

The problems of employment and unemployment are given the most serious attention in all countries of the world. Both developing and developed countries are looking for ways to solve the difficult task of creating decent and permanent jobs, since decent employment is the only way to get rid of poverty and a prerequisite for sustainable economic development of the country. It is no coincidence that a new one has appeared among the goals set out in the Millennium Development Goals - ensuring full and productive employment and decent work for all.

In modern Russia, unemployment remains at a satisfactory level. Although in the 90s there were also catastrophic indicators. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the authorities have managed to curb unemployment, bringing it to a level adequate to the economic development of the country.

However, the problem of employment does not lose its relevance. Especially considering the demographic situation in Russia, where the percentage of the population of retirement age is critically high.

The continuation of international sanctions and vagueness do not contribute to the increase in the number of jobs. And the departure of a number of large foreign companies from the domestic market further aggravates the situation.

To achieve this goal, the following will be resolved: tasks:

1. Consider the labor market, its concept and essence.

2. Determine the essence of unemployment, its types, causes and consequences.

3. Analyze the dynamics of unemployment in Russia in 2000-2016.

4. Assess the state of unemployment in Russia in 2017.

5. Formulate the directions, methods and results of the fight against unemployment in Russia at the present stage.

Work structure, determined by its purpose and objectives, consists of an introduction, 2 chapters and 5 paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

Chapter 1. The theoretical essence of the labor market and the problem of unemployment

1.1 Labor market, its concept and essence

Before studying unemployment, it is important to understand where exactly this phenomenon takes place and what are the features of its functioning. Unemployment arises and develops in a specific market - the labor market.

The labor market is a complex of economic relationships regarding the turnover of a specific product - labor. This is a market in which ability to work is exchanged for appropriate payment.

The labor market determines demand, supply and price for labor and, consequently, for labor services. The subjects of economic relations in the labor market are, on the one hand, entrepreneurs - large monopolies, medium and small businessmen, the state, and on the other - individual workers or their associations (trade unions). Prices prevailing in the labor market represent wage rates, which are the monetary form of the cost of labor. The labor market situation is characterized by the relationship between available jobs and unemployed and able-bodied citizens looking for work. Together with other types of market, the labor market forms an economic system of the market mechanism. Moreover, the labor market occupies a central position in the structure of the market economy and acts as a kind of foundation on which the entire market system is built, because without the labor market the optimal functioning and development of a market economy is practically unthinkable.

In macroeconomics, it is customary to distinguish between national and global labor markets. The national one functions in the economy of the country as a whole, the global one - on a global economic scale and exists in the form of international labor migration.

The labor market, being one of the main components of the general economic market mechanism, implements a specific function of distribution and redistribution of labor resources across areas, industries, regions, professions, specialties, qualifications in accordance with the law of supply and demand. The labor market, according to a number of principles of the mechanism of its work, is a market of a specific kind, which has many significant differences from other commodity markets. The regulators of the labor market are factors not only of macro and microeconomics, but also socio-economic and socio-psychological aspects, which are not always directly correlated with wages.

The dynamics of the labor market are characterized by a number of features, the main ones being the following:

1. Labor productivity of workers, unlike other factors of production, can change significantly based on how optimally the labor process is organized, as well as on the level of personal motivation of a person at work.

2. Work, as a rule, is carried out by groups of workers who independently set production standards for them.

3. In the labor market, the owner of the means of production and the owner of the labor force intersect, between whom bargaining takes place regarding a specific type of labor (the work of a mechanic, a cook, a builder, an engineer, etc.), as well as the conditions and duration of use of the worker.

4. A typical feature of the labor market is the constant excess of labor supply over demand for it.

5. In the labor market, there is competition between workers for available jobs. In this struggle, the winner is the one who can provide the employer with the greatest profit through his labor.

Work force:

A) a person’s ability to work;

B) a complex of physical and mental skills of a person that are used by him in the labor process;

C) the total number of workers in the country;

D) part of the population, including employed, self-employed and job seekers (unemployed).

In reality, the labor force functions, develops and enriches itself in the process of a person’s labor activity. The socio-economic conditions of the functioning of the labor force are directly dependent on the method of communication between the manufacturer and the conditions of production.

The gender, age and professional qualification structure of the workforce, as well as its size, significantly influence the labor potential of the state. In those countries where the share of young workers is significant, there is extensive potential for their retraining, which is a key advantage in terms of introducing the achievements of scientific and technical progress.

1.2 The essence of unemployment, its types, causes and consequences

Unemployment is a complex and multifaceted socio-economic phenomenon, manifested in the lack of employment among a certain part of the working population, ready and able to carry out labor activities.

To objectively understand the essence of unemployment, it is necessary to determine who can be considered unemployed. The criteria for defining a person as unemployed are usually established by law or relevant documents. However, in different countries these criteria may differ slightly from each other.

In the United States, people who are unemployed are those who have been unemployed for a week, who have been actively looking for work in the previous four weeks, who are temporarily laid off or hired for a new job, and who must begin work within 30 days.

In Japan, people who have not worked a single hour during the week are considered unemployed. Posted on the site

In the UK, unemployed people are people who have been unemployed for a week, who are looking for work during this time or who are unable to look for work due to illness, or who are waiting for the outcome of negotiations for a job.

In the Russian Federation, the unemployed are “able-bodied citizens who do not have a job or income, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start it. At the same time, payments of severance pay and maintained average earnings to citizens dismissed from organizations (military service) regardless of their organizational and legal form and form of ownership due to the liquidation of the organization or a reduction in the number or staff of the organization’s employees are not taken into account as earnings.”

In modern economics, unemployment is seen as a natural and integral part of a market economy. It promotes:

1.improving the quality structure of the labor force, its competitiveness as a product;

2.formation of a new motivational mechanism and an appropriate attitude towards work;

3.increasing the intrinsic value of the workplace and strengthening the connection between a person and work;

4.availability of a labor reserve in case of need for rapid deployment of new production.

In this regard, the classification of forms of unemployment according to various criteria presented in Table 1 is of great interest.

Table 1 - Forms of unemployment and their characteristics

Form of unemployment	Characteristic
Causes of unemployment
Friction	It is caused by a voluntary change of job due to various reasons: the search for higher earnings or a more prestigious job with more favorable working conditions, etc.
Institutional	Generated by the very structure of the labor market, factors influencing the demand and supply of labor
Voluntary	Appears when part of the working population, for one reason or another, simply does not want to work
Structural	Caused by changes in the structure of social production under the influence of scientific and technological progress and improved organization of production
Technological	Associated with the transition to new generations of equipment and technology, mechanization and automation of manual labor
Cyclic	Occurs when there is a general sharp drop in demand for labor during a period of decline in production and business activity caused by an economic crisis
Regional	It has a regional origin and is formed under the influence of a complex combination of historical, demographic, socio-psychological circumstances
Economic	Caused by market conditions, the defeat of some producers in competition
Seasonal	Caused by the seasonal nature of activity in certain industries
Marginal	Unemployment among vulnerable groups of the population
Duration of unemployment in months
Short term	Up to 4
Long lasting	4-8
Long-term	8-18
Stagnant	Over 18
External form of unemployment
Open	Includes all unemployed job seekers
Hidden	Includes workers actually employed in the economy, but not actually working, as well as those whose labor is not necessary.

A logical continuation of this classification of forms of unemployment is its structuring according to the following gender, age, professional qualification and socio-demographic factors:

1.gender (with highlighting the least socially protected unemployed - women);

2.age (with a focus on youth unemployment and unemployment among people of pre-retirement age);

3. labor occupation (workers, managers, specialists, unskilled workers and others);

4.level of education;

5. level of income and security;

6.reasons for dismissal;

1) Inflated labor costs (wages) required by the seller or trade union. The behavior of the buyer (employer) in the labor market is determined in these conditions by the correlation of the costs of purchasing labor and the income that he will receive from its use for a certain period of time with the costs that he will incur in connection with the purchase of equipment that replaces the labor strength, and the result that this machine will bring him. Scientific and technological progress and an increase in the technological level of production are still one of the reasons for the growth of unemployment in modern conditions.

2) Low price of labor (wages), which is set by the employer. Depends on the degree of formation of the labor market, its flexibility and other characteristics. For example, in labor-abundant regions, the employer can dictate labor prices. In this case, the seller (hired worker) refuses to sell his labor for next to nothing and is looking for another buyer. For a certain time, he may find himself without work and be classified as unemployed.

3) Lack of cost, and, accordingly, the price of labor. There are always people in society who cannot be involved in the production process due to their lack of labor as such or the presence of labor of such low quality that the buyer (employer) does not want to purchase it. These are tramps, declassed elements, disabled people, etc. This category of citizens, as a rule, forever loses their job and hope of finding it and falls into the category of stagnant unemployed. Therefore, the key cause of unemployment is imbalance in the labor market. Such disequilibrium especially increases during economic downturns, wars, natural disasters, etc.

Consequences of unemployment.
Unemployment has serious economic and social consequences. Some of the economic consequences of unemployment include the following:

1. underproduction, underutilization of society's production capabilities.

2. a significant decrease in the standard of living of people who find themselves unemployed, since work is their main source of livelihood;

3.decrease in the level of wages of employees as a result of emerging competition in the labor market;

4.increasing the tax burden on the employed due to the need for social support for the unemployed, payment of benefits and compensation, etc.

In addition to purely economic costs, unemployment also has significant social and psychological consequences, often less obvious, but more serious than economic ones. The main ones among them are the following:

1.increasing political instability and social tension in society;

2. aggravation of the criminogenic situation, an increase in crime, since a significant number of offenses and crimes are committed by non-working persons;

3.an increase in the number of suicides, mental and cardiovascular diseases, mortality from alcoholism, and cases of deviant behavior in general;

4. deformation of the personality of the unemployed and his social connections, expressed in the appearance of depression in life among involuntarily unemployed citizens, their loss of qualifications and practical skills; aggravation of family relations and family breakdowns, reduction of external social connections of the unemployed. The consequences of unemployment are long-lasting. The former unemployed, even after employment, is characterized by reduced labor activity and conformity of behavior, which requires significant efforts to rehabilitate the unemployed.

The socio-psychological and economic consequences of unemployment clearly demonstrate that this is a very dangerous phenomenon for society and the individual, requiring an active employment policy aimed not only at eliminating the consequences of unemployment, but also at preventing and preventing its uncontrolled growth beyond the minimum acceptable value.

Chapter 2. Analysis of the state of unemployment in Russia for 2016-2017

2.1 Analysis of unemployment in Russia in 2000-2016

The crisis situation in the Russian economy since 2014 is closely interconnected with the employment sector of the country's population. Already at the beginning of 2015, unemployment began to rise. Official statistics differ from real unemployment figures. Therefore, let us pay attention to some points that Rosstat notes in notes, footnotes, and explanations of calculations.

Statistics are based on an analysis of a sample of the population, and not all citizens of the country. The official source reports summing up the results of a “sample survey of the population on employment problems.”

Statistics for Crimea are not taken into account. Quote from an official source: “in order to ensure statistical comparability, the data were calculated without taking into account information for the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol.”

Unemployment is reduced not due to the employment of previously unemployed citizens, but due to a decrease in the number of economically active population. In other words: there are more old people and young people, and the working age population is getting smaller.

There are many unemployed citizens in the country, about whose employment there is no official information or it is inaccurate. Thus, they are not taken into account in Rosstat reports and can distort the real unemployment situation in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation and in the country as a whole.

Table 1. Unemployment rate in the Russian Federation in the 2000s

2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
10,6	9,0	7,9	8,2	7,8	7,1	7,1	6,0	6,2	8,3

Table 2. Unemployment rate in the 2010s

2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
7,3	6,5	5,5	5,5	5,2	5,6	5,8

Figure 1 shows graphically the dynamics of the unemployment rate in Russia from 2000 to 2016.

Figure 1. Dynamics of the unemployment rate from 2000 to 2016.

In 2016, the unemployment rate decreased to 5.3% of the labor force (with the exception of seasonal factors - to 5.2% of the labor force). On average, in 2016, unemployment amounted to 5.5% of the total labor force (in the labor force balance methodology, according to the Russian Ministry of Economic Development, 5.8% of the labor force), which is 0.1 percentage point less than in 2015 .

Table 1. Russian labor market in 2016.

At the end of the year, there was a slight increase in the labor force due to an increase in the number of employed people in such activities as Education, Transport and Communications and Agriculture. On average, in 2016, the labor force and the employed population showed a symbolic increase of 0.1 percent. Registered unemployment at the end of 2016 amounted to 895 thousand people (5.5% mom).

A positive moment in the labor market can be considered the decrease in part-time employment at the end of 2016. Thus, according to monitoring indicators of the Ministry of Labor of Russia, the number of part-time workers who are on downtime at the initiative of the administration and on vacation by agreement of the parties, as of the end of 2016, amounted to 258.8 thousand people, i.e. 2.3 thousand fewer people than at the beginning of December 2016.

As a result of a decrease in the number of vacancies and an increase in registered unemployment, the tension ratio increased from 81.5 people per 100 vacancies in November to 86.8 people per 100 vacancies in December.

In general, unemployment in Russia in 2016 can be considered satisfactory, especially taking into account the economic situation in the country.

2.2 Analysis of unemployment in Russia in 2017

Since January 2017, Rosstat has been selectively surveying the state of labor force employment among the population aged 15 years and older. According to the results of the study, in June 2017, the labor force amounted to 76.2 million people, which is 52% of the total population of the country, of which 72.3 million people were employed in the economy and 3.9 million people were not had a job, but were actively looking for it (in accordance with the ILO methodology, they are classified as unemployed). The employment rate of the population aged 15 years and older was recorded at 59.5%, the unemployment rate - 5.1%.

Until 2017, the population aged 15-72 years was surveyed. In order to continue the dynamic series, the following information is provided on the number and composition of workers at the specified age.

The labor force aged 15-72 years in June 2017 amounted to 75.9 million people, of which 72.1 million people were classified as employed in economic activities and 3.8 million people were classified as unemployed using ILO criteria ( i.e. did not have a job or gainful occupation, were looking for work and were ready to start work in the survey week).

Unemployment rate (ratio of the number of unemployed to the labor force) in June 2017. amounted to 5.1% (without excluding the seasonal factor).

The employment rate (the ratio of the employed population to the total population aged 15-72 years) in 2017 was 65.5%.

Table 2. Number and composition of the labor force aged 15-72 years.

(not seasonally adjusted)

	IIquarter 2017	2017			IIquarter 2016	IIquarter 2017 co IIquarter 2016, (+, -)
		April	May	June
Thousand people
Aged workforce 15-72 years	75843	75763	75816	75950	76558	-715
busy	71896	71713	71871	72104	72225	-329
unemployed	3947	4050	3945	3846	4333	-386
In percentages
Level of participation in labor force (labor force to population aged 15-72 years)	68,8	68,8	68,8	68,9	69,5	-0,7
Employment level (employed to number aged population 15-72 years old)	65,3	65,1	65,2	65,5	65,5	-0,2
Unemployment rate (unemployed to labor force)	5,2	5,3	5,2	5,1	5,7	-0,5

Number of employed people in June 2017 increased compared to May 2017 by 232 thousand people, or 0.3%, and decreased compared to June 2016 - by 570 thousand people, or 0.8%.

Number of unemployed in June 2017 compared to May 2017 decreased by 99 thousand people, or 2.5%, compared to June 2016. - by 331 thousand people, or 7.9%.

The total number of unemployed people classified in accordance with ILO criteria was 4.7 times higher than the number of unemployed people registered with state employment service institutions. At the end of June 2017 In state employment service institutions, 816 thousand people were registered as unemployed, which is 3.2% less than in May 2017. and by 15.7% - compared to June 2016.

Among the unemployed (according to ILO methodology), the share of women in June 2017 amounted to 47.8%, urban residents - 64.7%, youth under 25 years of age - 21.8%, persons with no work experience - 27.3%.

The unemployment rate among rural residents (7.6%) exceeds the unemployment rate among urban residents (4.3%). In June 2017 this excess was 1.8 times.

In June 2017 Among the unemployed, the share of people who left their previous place of work due to the dismissal or reduction of the number of employees, the liquidation of an organization or their own business was 14.9%, and in connection with voluntary dismissal - 24.6% (in June 2016, respectively , 18.5% and 25.3%).

Unemployment by federal districts. Let's consider unemployment rate by regions of Russia in 2016-2017 years.

Russia unemployment 2016 course work

In order to increase the information content of the data, indicators of the labor force, employment and unemployment for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are given on average for the last three months.

Table 3. Number and composition of the workforce in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

At the age of 15-72 years (according to sample labor force surveys on average for the second quarter of 2017)

	Number working strength, thousand Human	Including		Level, %
		busy	unemployed	labor force participation	employment	unemployment
Russian Federation	75843,1	71896,2	3946,9	68,8	65,3	5,2
Central federal district	21184,5	20496,3	688,2	71,0	68,7	3,2
Belgorod region	823,3	790,9	32,4	70,2	67,4	3,9
Bryansk region	606,1	584,5	21,5	65,9	63,5	3,6
Vladimir region	741,9	709,4	32,5	70,5	67,4	4,4
Voronezh region	1173,3	1122,0	51,3	66,4	63,5	4,4
Ivanovo region	529,8	504,5	25,3	68,3	65,1	4,8
Kaluga region	529,1	507,1	22,0	69,2	66,3	4,2
Kostroma region	318,3	301,9	16,4	65,7	62,4	5,1
Kursk region	571,7	548,1	23,6	67,9	65,1	4,1
Lipetsk region	603,3	579,5	23,8	69,5	66,7	3,9
Moscow region	4074,5	3936,8	137,7	72,8	70,4	3,4
Oryol Region	376,7	350,3	26,4	65,6	61,0	7,0
Ryazan Oblast	529,7	512,1	17,6	62,3	60,2	3,3
Smolensk region	509,4	479,5	29,9	69,1	65,0	5,9
Tambov Region	517,7	493,5	24,2	65,0	62,0	4,7
Tver region	678,2	646,0	32,1	69,4	66,1	4,7
Tula region	789,9	761,2	28,7	69,0	66,5	3,6
Yaroslavl region	651,4	608,6	42,8	68,5	64,0	6,6
Moscow	7160,3	7060,3	100,0	75,0	73,9	1,4
Northwestern federal district	7559,3	7251,9	307,4	71,3	68,4	4,1
Republic of Karelia	320,9	296,5	24,4	67,6	62,5	7,6
Komi Republic	450,0	419,4	30,6	69,2	64,5	6,8
Arhangelsk region	588,9	551,7	37,2	66,9	62,6	6,3
including Nenets Autonomous Okrug	21,1	19,4	1,7	65,9	60,4	8,3
Arhangelsk region without auto district	567,7	532,3	35,4	66,9	62,7	6,2
Vologda Region	591,3	563,7	27,6	66,9	63,8	4,7
Kaliningrad region	508,9	482,1	26,8	68,1	64,5	5,3
Leningrad region	996,6	950,9	45,7	72,2	68,9	4,6
Murmansk region	441,0	411,0	30,0	74,6	69,5	6,8
Novgorod region	318,7	304,1	14,7	69,6	66,4	4,6
Pskov region	314,5	293,4	21,1	64,7	60,4	6,7
Saint Petersburg	3028,5	2979,1	49,3	74,7	73,5	1,6
Southern federal district	8109,7	7618,5	491,2	66,3	62,3	6,1
Republic of Adygea	200,1	182,5	17,6	60,2	54,9	8,8
Republic of Kalmykia	133,5	121,7	11,7	65,0	59,3	8,8
Republic of Crimea	909,3	851,1	58,2	63,9	59,8	6,4
Krasnodar region	2748,7	2589,4	159,3	67,0	63,1	5,8
Astrakhan region	533,8	495,2	38,6	71,0	65,9	7,2
Volgograd region	1238,0	1162,4	75,6	64,8	60,9	6,1
Rostov region	2141,6	2020,2	121,4	67,0	63,2	5,7
Sevastopol	204,7	196,0	8,6	64,7	62,0	4,2
North Caucasian federal district	4537,7	4031,6	506,1	65,2	57,9	11,2
The Republic of Dagestan	1356,1	1190,0	166,1	63,0	55,2	12,2
The Republic of Ingushetia	244,4	177,7	66,8	75,2	54,7	27,3
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic	436,9	394,7	42,2	68,9	62,3	9,7
Karachay-Cherkessia Republic	208,8	179,9	28,9	60,8	52,4	13,9
Northern Republic Ossetia - Alania	327,9	288,1	39,7	64,7	56,9	12,1
Chechen Republic	621,5	534,2	87,3	68,5	58,9	14,0
Stavropol region	1341,9	1267,0	75,0	64,1	60,5	5,6
Privolzhsky federal district	15153,7	14430,2	723,4	68,1	64,9	4,8
Republic of Bashkortostan	1950,2	1842,5	107,7	65,0	61,4	5,5
Mari El Republic	344,3	322,8	21,5	67,0	62,8	6,2
The Republic of Mordovia	438,4	419,8	18,6	70,3	67,4	4,2
Republic of Tatarstan	2047,7	1972,2	75,5	71,0	68,4	3,7
Udmurt republic	794,5	753,1	41,4	70,5	66,8	5,2
Chuvash Republic	627,5	595,2	32,3	68,1	64,6	5,2
Perm region	1265,5	1183,2	82,3	64,7	60,5	6,5
Kirov region	664,9	629,1	35,8	68,5	64,8	5,4
Nizhny Novgorod Region	1772,4	1697,1	75,3	71,9	68,8	4,3
Orenburg region	1014,9	969,5	45,4	69,0	65,9	4,5
Penza region	677,2	646,6	30,7	66,1	63,1	4,5
Samara Region	1716,5	1645,3	71,1	70,4	67,5	4,1
Saratov region	1208,2	1150,3	58,0	64,2	61,2	4,8
Ulyanovsk region	631,4	603,4	28,0	65,8	62,9	4,4
Ural federal district	6357,1	5992,8	364,3	69,1	65,2	5,7
Kurgan region	402,9	367,4	35,5	64,0	58,3	8,8
Sverdlovsk region	2153,8	2029,3	124,5	66,7	62,9	5,8
Tyumen region	1943,2	1866,8	76,4	71,1	68,3	3,9
including: Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra	910,3	881,5	28,8	73,4	71,1	3,2
Yamalo-Nenets auto district	312,4	301,6	10,8	76,5	73,8	3,5
Tyumen region without auto districts	720,5	683,6	36,9	66,5	63,1	5,1
Chelyabinsk region	1857,2	1729,3	127,8	71,3	66,4	6,9
Siberian federal district	9600,5	8913,8	686,7	66,8	62,0	7,2
Altai Republic	97,8	87,3	10,5	65,9	58,8	10,8
The Republic of Buryatia	443,2	401,2	42,0	62,7	56,7	9,5
Tyva Republic	122,0	101,5	20,5	59,3	49,4	16,8
The Republic of Khakassia	260,9	249,9	11,0	65,9	63,2	4,2
Altai region	1122,0	1050,4	71,6	63,3	59,2	6,4
Transbaikal region	535,1	477,7	57,4	67,2	60,0	10,7
Krasnoyarsk region	1496,8	1414,9	81,9	69,2	65,4	5,5
Irkutsk region	1199,2	1095,3	103,9	67,5	61,7	8,7
Kemerovo region	1337,1	1241,8	95,3	66,0	61,3	7,1
Novosibirsk region	1406,2	1329,0	77,2	67,4	63,7	5,5
Omsk region	1032,1	960,4	71,8	69,6	64,8	7,0
Tomsk region	548,1	504,4	43,6	66,8	61,4	8,0
Far Eastern federal district	3340,6	3161,1	179,6	70,7	66,9	5,4
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	499,7	467,0	32,7	70,8	66,2	6,5
Kamchatka Krai	179,1	172,8	6,3	72,3	69,7	3,5
Primorsky Krai	1030,2	974,3	55,9	69,3	65,5	5,4
Khabarovsk region	734,5	702,8	31,7	71,7	68,6	4,3
Amur region	417,6	392,3	25,3	68,8	64,7	6,0
Magadan Region	90,0	85,0	5,0	77,8	73,5	5,6
Sakhalin region	273,5	257,6	15,9	72,5	68,3	5,8
Jewish Autonomous Region	85,2	79,6	5,6	68,7	64,2	6,6
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	30,9	29,6	1,3	79,6	76,4	4,1
In some cases, minor discrepancies between the total and the sum of the terms are explained by rounding of digital data.

The lowest unemployment rate is observed in the Central Federal District, the highest in the North Caucasus Federal District.

These are the statistics on unemployment in Russia in 2016-2017.

2.3 The fight against unemployment in Russia: directions, methods, results

The state plays a priority role in the fight against unemployment. To regulate the labor market in order to ensure employment, the state works in various directions, the key of which can be considered:

State support for private entrepreneurs;

Social unemployment insurance;

Various programs to increase the number of jobs;

Programs to stimulate employment growth;

Allocation of funds for various types of unemployment benefits;

Providing training;

Retraining of the unemployed;

Providing jobs for specific groups (youth, disabled people);

International cooperation (migration);

Organization of public works.

Now let’s look at specific practical measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation in 2016-2017 to combat unemployment.

In 2016, the Russian government allocated 776 million rubles to 17 Russian regions to combat unemployment.

These funds made it possible to provide employment to more than 25.8 thousand workers who were at risk of dismissal and people looking for work.

The funds were distributed to residents of Buryatia, Ingushetia, Karelia, Komi, the Chuvash Republic, Altai, Trans-Baikal Territories, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kurgan, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Saratov, Smolensk, Tula, Chelyabinsk and Yaroslavl regions.

The regions allocated money to implement employment programs. Namely - for advanced vocational training and internships for workers at risk of dismissal;

For compensation to employers implementing enterprise development programs, including import substitution, innovation, personnel development, expenses for partial remuneration of workers dismissed from other organizations, children who graduated from professional educational institutions and the unemployed;

To organize temporary employment of people at risk of dismissal; to reimburse employers for costs associated with the employment of disabled people.

In 2017, measures to combat unemployment in Russia include:

1. INTRODUCTION of restrictive quotas on foreign labor (quotas on issuing invitations to foreign citizens to enter the Russian Federation for employment purposes).

2. Promoting the introduction of additional jobs and employment of citizens in small and medium-sized businesses.

3.Development of a five-year forecast of demand for labor with secondary vocational education in the country and regions.

4.Mass adoption of private and public online learning platforms. The list of programs for retraining in the digital economy will be determined with the participation of universities and private companies with advanced training courses and educational developments.

For 2017, it is planned to continue reforming the current model of unemployment regulation, i.e. reduction of inefficient jobs. This process requires the restructuring of city-forming enterprises, the creation of special programs for advanced training, and the development of a new specialty.

Also in 2017, it is planned to develop incentive systems for late retirement for the most highly qualified workers.

The key determinants of the reduction in unemployment in Russia in 2017 may be both external and internal phenomena and circumstances. External ones include the further development of cooperation with priority trade and economic partners, including in the field of construction of gas pipelines to Turkey and China. Among the internal factors, along with others, it is also necessary to include the weather factor, on which, for example, the growth in the number of people employed in the agricultural sector depends. This also includes the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the Kerch Bridge, the construction of facilities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the development of energy fields in the Arctic, etc.

Update:

According to the latest statistics, Russia has the lowest unemployment rate in the last three years, the Bank of Russia reported in August 2017.

Its level dropped to 4.9%, which is very typical for late summer and early autumn. But exactly this indicator has not been observed since 2014.

The regulator notes that this year the decrease in August compared to July was the largest in the last five years, since in July the unemployment rate increased despite seasonality. This was due to a shift in harvest dates due to the cold first half of summer, which occurred in most Russian regions.

Conclusion

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in the labor market, in which a certain part of the working-age population is unemployed due to the lack of effective demand on the part of employers for labor as a factor of production.

Unemployment has remained relevant throughout history. Despite social, economic and technological progress, the problem of unemployment does not lose its relevance, and on the contrary, it is gaining momentum.

To assess unemployment in economics, various indicators are used, but the unemployment rate is generally accepted. It is determined by the ratio of the total number of unemployed to the number of able-bodied citizens in percentage terms.

Main types of unemployment: institutional, structural, seasonal, frictional, cyclical. Each type of unemployment is determined by its specific causes and circumstances. At the same time, in Western macroeconomic theory it is customary to identify three main causes of unemployment - economic conditions, new technologies and a growing population.

Unemployment in Russia has a specific character; it has very diverse and atypical features. The reasons for its development include general economic instability, inadequate market infrastructure, the global crisis, population migration, and overpopulation in certain regions of the country.

Even so, the unemployment rate in Russia is not yet as high as once predicted. However, the labor market faces a number of structural weaknesses, such as rising youth unemployment.

Statistics

It’s scary, although these indicators have not yet exceeded the critical norm. entered Rosstat in August 2017. According to official data, the working population was 78 million, and the unemployed were at least 3.8 million. Compared to previous years, the overall rate fell below 5%. But let's find out how critical these are and when it's time to start sounding the alarm.

Unemployment in a country is measured by using an index calculated by dividing the number of unemployed people by the total labor force in the country, and then multiplying this figure by 100. Typically, the labor force consists of people who are young enough and suitable for any job, including physical.

The unemployment rate in Russia is an important economic factor. However, there is still debate about what causes this problem. But economists are sure of one thing - unemployment, as a rule, appears in bad times for a country, that is, during a recession (decrease or slowdown in the rate of economic growth) and crisis.

Problem in the country

On other important points, Russia's inflation has been declining for several years now, while real (inflation-adjusted) gross domestic product is still growing after a sharp decline in 2009.

Like most other countries, Russia's economy is focused mainly on services and various industries, while the agricultural sector plays virtually no role, especially when it comes to the next generation's gross domestic product. Consequently, the vast majority of the workforce is concentrated in the two sectors mentioned above. But Russia is still one of the top wheat exporters around the world, ranking third after the United States and Canada.

Comparison with previous years: rise and fall

Unemployment in Russia is a problem that drags on from year to year. If we take statistics for the last 10 years, the country has not yet escaped the 5% limit. At the same time, the crisis moment came in 2009, when the index was equal to 8.3%. For more accurate clarity, we suggest you study the table, which shows brief unemployment statistics in Russia by year:

Terminology

An unemployed person is someone who is not working and, as a rule, is actively looking for a job. When calculating the index, people who are retired, those who have disabilities, are on maternity leave or are studying in any institution or have not reached a certain age are not taken into account.

Cause

Unemployment in Russia should not surprise anyone, because almost all countries in the world are faced with this problem. For example, in Turkmenistan the index reaches 70%, in Nepal - 46%, in Kenya - 42%, even in Greece and Spain this figure varies from 27% to 28%. Let's find out the main reasons for unemployment in Russia:

1. People leave their previous place of work to find a better paying, more convenient one.
2. People were laid off and now cannot recover.
3. The company has reduced its workforce. This may be due to the fact that the country's economic growth is slowing down and most goods or services are not in demand.
4. They went on maternity leave, entered an educational institution, and did not reach working age.
5. The person's position was distributed to other employees.
6. Too many people. This factor plays a big role, especially in small towns where there is much more demand than supply.
7. Low wages, difficult working conditions.
8. Scientific and technological progress, where human power is replaced by robots and machines.
9. There are not enough jobs, both in individual regions and throughout the country as a whole.

Data

In the period from the end of summer to the beginning of autumn 2014, when the economic crisis in Russia was just beginning to develop, oil prices began to fall rapidly, the ruble followed them, and inflation began to rise. It is not surprising that many experts predicted that the Russian population would inevitably face the serious scourge of mass unemployment.

The logic of such forecasts was clear - the country was suffering from a severe economic recession, which had an impact on almost all sectors of the economy. The state clearly did not have enough resources, as in 2008-2009 during the previous financial crisis, to ensure large-scale investments in all areas affected by the crisis.

Today, almost four years after the crisis began, the skeptics' predictions have not come true. Under these conditions, it seemed that the natural response of troubled industries would be to layoffs en masse in order to cut costs and save money. But neither in 2015, nor in 2016, nor in 2017 did this happen. According to statistics, unemployment in Russia has never been such a global problem as in 2009. Over the years, the index has almost never exceeded a very modest figure of 6%. And (compared to world statistics) this indicator is worthy of praise.

Let's give an example. The unemployment rate reached almost 10% in the US (during peak years). The average unemployment rate in the EU is currently below 10%, which is considered a success since almost 8 years ago the index exceeded 12%. At the height of the economic crisis in countries such as Spain, Greece, and Italy, this figure reached 40%. But there is still cause for concern. Already today, in these countries, approximately every fifth person is unemployed. How did Russia manage to avoid such a fate?

How Russia is different

According to Tatyana Maleva, director of the Institute of Social Analysis and Forecasting at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (RANEPA), since the 1990s, Russia has been developing its own labor market model, which differs from the Western one.

While in most countries of the world companies reduce production and staff numbers in times of economic turmoil, in Russia, fearing worsening social tensions, all market participants behave completely differently. Instead of firing ineffective workers, employers prefer to reduce wages. In addition, the Russian labor market resorts to a system of hidden unemployment, in which workers are transferred to shorter weeks, sent on unpaid leave, or their hours and production rates are reduced.

Workers happily accept this system, and all because of the small number of real alternatives - the risk of not finding a new job frightens people even in large cities. The state is also quite satisfied with this behavior of employers and employees, since it ensures that there will never be a large influx of people seeking unemployment benefits in Russia. This could undermine an already weakened budget.

The amount of unemployment benefits in Russia

Currently, the minimum monthly unemployment payment is 850 rubles (about $15 at current exchange rates) for first-time job seekers in the first year after being fired for misconduct, and the maximum is 4,900 rubles (about $85). Obviously, such small amounts are not enough for survival, so they do not provoke people to register as officially unemployed. There are just over three million such people in Russia today.

One big advantage of this one-size-fits-all labor market model is that it makes it possible for society to avoid tensions and political upheavals. However, the main disadvantage is that as a result, our country has an economy suffering from sluggish processes. That is, an environment in which everyone has job security, no one has an incentive to fight for jobs.

Lower salary

Today the unemployment rate in Russia is 5.3%, which corresponds to approximately 4 million people. At the same time, real wages fell by almost 10% last year. This is the reason that the country did not experience a sharp increase in unemployment - a decrease in real wages testified to this process.

Employers continue to respond to the crisis in this way. Over the past year, more than 24% of surveyed families confirmed that their wages were cut, 19% of citizens were delayed in payment, and 9% had their working hours reduced, they were forced to go on unpaid leave or were fired.

Temporary employment

Since unemployment in Russia remained virtually unchanged in 2018, people began to look for part-time or temporary employment that would bring in a little more income than assistance from the state. At the end of May 2016, according to the Ministry of Labor, this sector of the labor market grew by 18 percent compared to the same period last year. Overall, the number of part-time workers rose to 41,500 over the past year and now exceeds 300,000. This is not so much for such a large country as Russia, but it is equivalent to the population of a large city.

The most important thing is that the number of temporary workers is growing; a certain trend can be seen here. Yes, employers are trying to avoid mass layoffs, obviously understanding that if this happens at their enterprise, the state will clearly not be happy about it. Especially when it comes to elections, because then no one is interested in the appearance of hotbeds on the map of Russia.

At the same time, the economic crisis is not yet over; GDP continues to decline, although not as sharply as in the period from 2014 to 2016. Most businessmen are still faced with the need to optimize their expenses, including wages. Otherwise, their business simply will not be able to survive. Therefore, decisions are currently being made to transfer workers to various forms of part-time employment. Thus, Russian businesses reduce their costs by resorting to this method.

Finally

The main problem in Russia is that our market creates very few new jobs. Its only peculiarity is that it provides a high level of employment and a low level of unemployment due to highly differentiated wages, as well as a significant share of low-wage employment. At the same time, there is a growing demand in the labor market for temporary employment, which requires loaders, laborers, repairmen, drivers, packers, salespeople, cleaners and cooks.

To summarize, we can say that the Russian labor market was able to respond to the challenges of the economic crisis using its own model, in which natural disadvantages were turned into temporary advantages. Reducing wages, transferring people to temporary work, reducing working hours, intensifying internal labor migration, transferring people to remote work - these processes are nothing more than temporary measures. But they allow many people to stay afloat with at least some source of income during difficult economic times.