Palaces in the outback. Big Murashkino. Palaces in the outback What kind of UV radiation from the sun is there?

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What, it would seem, could be interesting in a settlement called Bolshoye Murashkino, urban-type settlement (5.9 thousand inhabitants) near the shown Grigorov and Veldemanov, the home villages of the antagonists of the Raskol? Yes, you know, a lot of things - for example, a whole collection of merchant mansions worthy of a large city.

Bolshoye Murashkino was first mentioned in 1377 among the villages purchased by the merchant Taras Novosiltsev from the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich, but popular rumor says that the fortress was founded by the Mordovian prince Big Murash, who apparently fought with his brother Maly Murash. Since 1648, it has been the patrimony of the Morozov boyars, who in the 1660s built an entire fortress, which in 1671 was unable to protect the village from raids by robbers. But the main thing is that since the end of the 15th century the fur trade has been known here, founded according to legend by exiled Novgorodians, and for almost half a thousand years Bolshoye Murashkino remained a trading village where the famous Russian sheepskin coats were made, since 1779 - in the Knyaginisky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province. In general, as in the case with, here we have a “shtetl in Russian”, a trading town in rural (since 1959 - PGTShnom) status, that is, without city rights and responsibilities. The end of fur history came under the Soviets: in 1932, for some reason, the fur factory was transferred almost to its historical homeland in the Pskov region, where it was destroyed by the war, but the population of Bolshoy Murashkino remains stable - about 5 thousand people - for about two hundred (!) years. To be fair, we are talking about the beauties of Bolshoy Murashkin dima1989 We found out not on the spot (they wouldn’t even bother going there), but from someone who had been yardkeeper (and here is Knyaginino, the district of which Bolshoye Murashkino was once part of), but I can imagine how it would all look if we were accidentally brought here... At the entrance to the village there is a fire station with a rare car at the pedestal:

On the main square there is a typical residential building made of sand-lime brick, probably built on the occasion of the formation of the Bolshemurashkinsky district in 1965 (or rather, restoration; the village was the district center in 1929-63):

To the right relative to the previous frame is the administration, the same dull silicate one, but with a mosaic Soviet coat of arms:

The square is crossed by Svoboda Street, a kind of rural Nevsky Prospekt, and if its left side (relative to frame No. 3) is quite typical for the outback:

Then on the right, behind that same administration, something unusual begins:

The three-story house on the corner is the largest house in the village of Ivan Panyshev (or maybe not Ivan, but Ilya or Innokenty - there are only initials everywhere) built in 1910. Nearby there is a very colorful outbuilding, behind which you can see the rural distance:

In the yard, reminding of the past, a sheep was grazing - alas, I somehow forgot to photograph it:

By the beginning of the 20th century in Bolshoy Murashkino there were 5 schools (3 parish and 2 zemstvo), a hospital (1885), a telegraph (1890) and perhaps the only fur craft school in the Russian Empire (1899), founded by the local merchant Serebryannikov and In the 1930s, it was transferred as the Moscow Fur Technical School to Skhodnya near Moscow. Snake drain on a neighboring building:

The next house belonged to another Panyshev, apparently the brother of the owner of the three-story building:

It has a most luxurious portal under the bay window:

The next house of the Monev brothers (1915) is the most modern here:

And after all, mansions of comparable scale can be seen in modern villages, built by businessmen or even bandits, and no matter how much you grimace, in a hundred years many of them will become landmarks in the same way as these upstart houses of the early twentieth century:

Beyond the first intersection, the buildings somehow thin out - but you still can’t call it rural, more like a strong county town. Moreover, the surrounding district towns were completely dwarfed: Makariev - 1.5 thousand, Knyaginin - 2.3 thousand (that is, these two Murashkino exceeded them combined), Vasilsursk - 3.6 thousand, Sergach - 4.5 thousand (and these Murashkino were superior to each one individually), so that in the south-eastern corner of the Nizhny Novgorod region this landscape is the most provincial, not counting perhaps the neighboring Lyskov (there is also, however, a very respectable Arzamas, but it is on the other side):

Entrances. Now these are not mansions, but municipal housing with shops on the ground floor and entrance to the apartments through a wooden extension:

On the Internet, some people seem to seriously believe that non-use of glass melt in the Russian Federation leads to deprivation of citizenship, but Dima and I bought a bottle of vodka in one of these stores to wash the car window with.

And the merchant palaces form two blocks among the solid mansions - the second is a little further from the main square and on the other side (that is, from frame No. 2 - to the left):

There are now police in Dementyev's house... sorry, police:

We somehow managed not to see Presnyakov’s house, the most beautiful with its details - so I refer you to Dvornik.

This is already on a parallel street (Sovetskaya, it seems). And yet, the buildings of the same schools, a fur technical school, a hospital could not help but survive... Alas, I did not find the exact addresses (and, of course, a fur building would be interesting), but any of the buildings from these frames could turn out to be the same one.

Above the current main square is Bazarnaya Square, and judging by the abundance of actively removed garbage, its name is still relevant today (or maybe the local merchants just noted something, “they tore two button accordions and burned the bathhouse”). There are also two churches here - Preobrazhenskaya, mutilated by the Bolsheviks (1821):

And quite decent looking Trinity (1805):

A little to the side (1 May Street, 12), on another square, a remodeled temple, the Old Believer Avvakum Church, reminding with its dedication that neighboring Grigorovo is the birthplace of the rebellious archpriest, the founder of the Old Belief and Russian novels.

Sometimes it is indicated as the former St. Nicholas Edinoverie Church, but it is clearly a new building, so most likely the St. Nicholas Edinoverie Church (1881-85) was this sad building nearby:

In total, there were 11 churches in Bolshoy Murashkino before the revolution, only 2 of the same faith (but there seemed to be no Old Believers). We haven't found the abandoned one yet

Material provided by Bolshemurashkinsky Historical and Artistic Center
museum for publication as part of the “Places of Memory” project

Big Murashkino. History of development

The first mention in the chronicle of Bolshoi Murashkino dates back to 1377. This year is officially considered to be the founding year. Although many scientists are inclined to believe that it was formed much earlier, around the middle of the 12th century. In this territory, where Murashkino is now located, the Mordovians “Erzya” lived, with the main city of Erzemas (now Arzamas). The people still preserve the legend about the founding of this city. Allegedly, the city was founded by one of the Mordovian leaders Murashko. The Mordovians had a belief: “building on blood will last longer.” Early in the morning, the Mordovians got ready and began to wait: a girl with buckets appeared on one side, a bull on the other, and, as the legend says, the Mordovians, without hesitation, buried them both. This is how the city of Murashkin was founded, but also received the name Bolshoi, because it was founded by Murashko’s elder brother. The younger brother, three kilometers from Bolshoi, built the village of Maloye Murashkino, which still exists today.

In August 1377, a shameful battle took place across the Piana River between the Mordovians, Tatars, on the one hand, and the Russians, on the other, where the Russians were killed, Nizhny Novgorod and the entire Volga region were captured. Prince Boris Konstantinovich of Gorodets went to defend the Volga region, driving the Mordovians to the same Piana and killing almost everyone, and in the winter, together with his nephews, he went deep into the lands of the Mordovians, burned them, robbed them, killed most of them, took the other part captive and “created the whole Mordovian land empty.” " Most likely, after this, these lands began to be populated by Russians.

In 1478, there was a riot in Northern Novgorod led by Marfa Boretskaya. Rebellious Novgorodians are sent to the Nizhny Novgorod province, incl. and in Bolshoye Murashkino. The exiles bring with them the secrets of leather and fur craft. Potash production begins to develop (potash is ash for tanning leather). The fur industry reached its peak in the mid-19th - early 20th centuries. Murashkin furs were very highly valued on the world market. Fur merchants took part in many exhibitions in Moscow, Paris, Berlin, Brussels, Buenos Aires, etc., where they received gold and silver medals for the quality of furs. And the merchant I.S. Panyshev (popularly called “Turk”) was a supplier of furs to the Court of His Imperial Majesty. Furrier merchants created the appearance of the village by building stone mansions, inviting Italian and German architects for this. In our village there were beautiful stone mansions, and in the county town of Knyaginino there were clay houses covered with thatch.

In connection with the construction of stone mansions, brick factories began to be built on the outskirts of Murashkino.

By the mid-19th - early 20th centuries. Almost the entire population of Bolshoy Murashkino (men, women, children, as well as hired workers) was employed in fur production. With an abundance of sheepskin factories, all raw materials were imported. It was brought from all over Russia, as well as from Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Finland, etc.

In 1648, Bolshoye Murashkino was presented to boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, who immediately took care of its strengthening. So, by order of Morozov, in 1660 an earthen rampart and a wooden fortress with five thresholds and towers were built. On the eastern side a rather deep ravine was dug, and on the western side there was a natural mountain, at the foot of which the Sundovik River flowed. A winery and brewery were built inside the city. 13 iron arquebuses with a charge of cannonballs were installed on the shaft. In 1660-1670, peasants paid a cash rent - 20 rubles per vyti, i.e. from 7-7.5 acres of land (in suburbs and villages - 15 rubles).

In addition, they paid state taxes: yam, streltsy, and polynyanka money. For four years (1656-1660), only Polonian taxes were collected in Murashkino - 246 rubles.

Along with this, in-kind taxes were paid from you: pork meat - 2 pounds, a goose and a pig, a bucket of raspberries, four nut kernels, a collar and a kerbe of flax (one hundred lobes), and from each house (from the smoke) a hryvnia of cow butter and a pound each of butter and dried chicken. From Vyti they also supplied five fathoms of firewood, a box of coals, 96 pounds of ash (about 9-10 poods) for everyday camps and distillation. Peasants and peasants also worked with horses at everyday camps, constructing roads, building an earthen city, provided a cart from the Vyti to Moscow for transporting products, and also transported five barrels of potash to Vologda.

After the death of Boris Ivanovich in 1662, Murashkino passed to his widow Anna Ilyinichna, who in December of the same year ordered her clerks to count the grain on her estates. The result of this account was “books of sowing, supper and threshing, on Morozov’s estate.” Three years later, Bolshoye Murashkino passes to Boris Ivanovich’s brother, Gleb Ivanovich Morozov, two years later he dies, and Murashkino passes to his widow Fedosya Morozova. The same Fedosya who is depicted in Surikov’s painting “The Exile of Boyarina Morozova to Siberia.” Although I personally do not agree with the image in this painting, which depicts an angry, elderly woman cursing everything. In fact, at the time when the noblewoman Morozova was exiled to Siberia, she was not yet 28 years old, and she was a meek, deeply pious widow woman raising her little son. It must be said that at that time, noblewoman Morozova was one of the richest women in Russia. She had eight thousand serfs and three hundred servants. And for the sake of her faith and beliefs (let me remind you, she was a supporter of the Old Believers and Avvakum Petrov), she lost all her estates and went into exile.

By 1670, Bolshoye Murashkino was transferred to the treasury and David Plemyannikov was appointed governor here. At this time, a peasant uprising was already underway under the leadership of Ataman Stepan Razin. His “lovely letters” were sent throughout Russia. They also reached Lyskov. Initially, 20 people rebelled in Lyskovo; they began to ask Ataman Maxim Osipov (one of Razin’s associates, who took Kurmysh at that time) to come to them and establish his order. Osipov and his army moved towards Lyskov, but on the way they turned into Murashkino. In Murashkino, the rebels were treated unfriendly; only a small number of residents, led by priest Maxim Davydov, met the rebels with crosses and banners and stayed with them. The rebels cut off the head of the governor Plemyannikov, burned the prison and destroyed documents about the arrears of the peasants. They captured 13 arquebuses and 1174 cannonballs located on the city rampart. After this, other residents joined the rebels. A large detachment moved to Lyskovo, where they were met with crosses. Residents who did not want to be at one with the rebels took refuge in the Makaryevsky Zheltovodsk Monastery. On October 1, Osipov moved towards the monastery and, standing behind the Volga, began shooting at the monastery. At the same time, he sent the Cossacks with a message from Ataman Razin and a demand to surrender.

Archimandrite of the monastery Pachomius also sent messengers: one to Moscow with a message from Razin, the other to Nizhny to the governor Golokhvostov with a request for help. Pachomius detained Osipov’s envoys (and the envoys were sent three times). A week passed in negotiations and on October 8, armed Cossacks, residents of Murashkino and Lyskov crossed the Volga and besieged the monastery from all sides. The monastery was frightened; it seemed to them that the siege consisted of more than 30 thousand people, in fact there were no more than five thousand rebels. First, the rebels fired cannons at the monastery, then surrounded it with straw and firewood and set it on fire. The monks and those hiding in the monastery received communion and confessed, then, taking crosses and holy icons, they walked along the walls and prayed to God. Seeing that prayers did not help pacify the rebels, the monastery began to defend itself.

The chronicles of those events say: “... like a bear, when it is wounded, it rages more cruelly; or wasps, if irritated, attack angrier!..." The defenders of the monastery became increasingly weak and discouraged, and then the monks carried along the walls the icon of the wonderworker Macarius, the patron saint of the monastery. Many perked up and shouted: “The miracle worker has come to our aid,” and began to repel the attacks with renewed vigor. As a result, the attackers retreated, abandoning their wounded comrades, and the dead were thrown into a pit and set on fire.

The next day, at sunrise, Osipov sent the Murashkino priest Maxim Osipov to the monastery and proposed conditions in which he offered to release Pershka, whom he had sent, and his comrades and promised to retreat, otherwise he would ruin and burn the monastery. Having gathered at the Council, the monastery decided to fulfill Osipov’s demands, and he, in turn, keeping his promise, hastily retreated. But near Murashkino I met with another Razin ataman, Mishka Chertousenko, in his detachment there were up to 15 thousand Cossacks, Tatars, Mordvins and Chuvash. Mishka convinced Osipov to return to the monastery again. Crossing the Volga, they beat drums and fired cannons, frightening the defenders of the monastery. Almost everyone fled out of fear, leaving the archimandrite and the monks to the mercy of fate. The groom, a Jew, who lived in humility in the monastery, ran over to the side of the rebels and told them everything about the situation. Then the archimandrite and his brethren leave the monastery, and the old treasurer and Archimandrite Tikhon, who lived there in retirement, remain there. The rebels freely entered the monastery, plundering it all, despite the fact that goods from the Makaryevskaya fair still remained unsold by merchants. Those who remained in the monastery were not touched, they were only scared.

That month when the rebels took the Lyskovo monastery, the rebels were governed by people elected. Tsarist punitive troops under the control of Prince Shcherbatov were sent to pacify the rebels. And on October 22, 1670, a battle took place near Murashkino, where the rebels were defeated. For Murashkino's participation in the uprising, it was looted and burned by the tsarist troops. Moreover, it was the royal army, and not the rebels, as was commonly believed for many years. There were gallows everywhere. Before the massacre there were approximately 1500-2000 inhabitants (there is no exact information). Near Murashkino killed - 136 people; died - 62 people (probably not themselves, but were beaten to death); left with the Razinites - 17 people; fled - 111 people; executed - 16 people; exiled to Siberia and other places - 5 people; sent to prison - 2 people; given to serfs - 2 people; taken into archers - 28 people; decrepit - 5 people (probably tortured); became monks - 1 person. Total losses - 385 people. These are statistics from the tsarist government and, perhaps, the number of executed and deceased could be underestimated. Along the entire rampart of the earthen fortress there were gallows with executed people to intimidate others.

Losses in villages: Nefedyevo - 102 people (after the massacre, 250 people remained). Maloe Murashkino - 69 people (after the massacre, 352 remained). There were losses in other rebel villages, and in total at least 1,000 people died in our region. In addition to Murashkino, the punitive forces burned other villages, and in Kartmazovo, for example, they requisitioned 80 horses, 72 cows, 188 sheep, 17 pigs and 32 beehives. It should be noted here that requisition was carried out in all villages, and especially in the rebels. Our museum contains witnesses of those days: these are cannonballs, part of a cast-iron cannon, flails that belonged to the Razin people and were found on the remains of the shaft.

In 1779, Murashkino ceased to exist as a city and fell out of sight altogether for many years. The reasons for this, I think, were participation in the Razin rebellion and the fact that our land was the birthplace of the fire-scorched archpriest Avvakum, and by this time he had already been in an earthen prison for 10 years. And having appeared again in the chronicles, Murashkino is already called a village.

Bolshoye Murashkino is the birthplace of the great shepherd of the Old Orthodox Church, Archpriest Avvakum, who was born in the village of Grigorovo, 13 km from Murashkino, in 1621 into the family of a priest. But as Avvakum himself said, although his father was a priest, he did not lead a very sober lifestyle. His mother, Mary (monastically Martha), on the contrary, was a very devout woman, “a faster and a woman of prayer.” It was she who taught him the “fear of God” and ordered him to stick to church books, without retreating a step. And all his life Avvakum followed these instructions. He married early - at the age of 17, at the insistence of his mother, taking orphan Nastasya Markovna as his wife. At the age of 21, he was ordained a deacon in the village of Lopatishchi, Nizhny Novgorod province. Two years later, he was promoted to priest there and in this rank, he served there for eight years. Since Habakkuk was raised in the strict observance of the Law of God, he strictly follows these laws and calls his flock to the same. But most people are not sinless, and many do not want to admit this, so I did not like Habakkuk’s straightforwardness and denunciations. Conflicts begin with parishioners. On the one hand, his authority is growing and strengthening, on the other, he is making more and more enemies. For his sermons and denunciations, he was repeatedly beaten and twice expelled from this place of service.

By royal decree, he is given the position of archpriest in Yuryevets, a Volga town. He stayed there for only eight weeks. One day, an angry crowd would have killed him if the governor had not intervened. After lying down for three days, Avvakum, leaving his wife and children, headed to Kostroma, but did not find shelter there (Archpriest Daniel was expelled), and headed to Moscow. Where many clergy, including the Tsar, Alexei Mikhailovich, blamed him: “Why did he leave the throne?”

Soon Avvakum becomes one of the most influential clergy in Moscow. After all, he knew both the Tsar and the future Patriarch Nikon (in the world Nikita Minov, a native of the village of Veldemanovo, Nizhny Novgorod province; the villages of Avvakum and Nikon are not far from each other, 10 kilometers of a field road), with the then influential archpriest John Neronov. All of them together were part of the “Circle of Zealots of Piety.” After Nikon was elected patriarch, their paths diverged. Nikon implants innovations everywhere: books are rewritten, three fingers are introduced instead of two fingers, many rituals are performed differently. And so Avvakum becomes the main opponent of these innovations. He is not afraid to openly declare that this is a big mistake, and terrible times are approaching for the Russian people. For protesting and refusing to serve in a new way, Avvakum is repeatedly put on a chain, beaten, and tried in an amicable way to force him to renounce his views, but he remains adamant. He and his family are exiled to Siberia, with the expedition of the cruel governor Pashkov (Avvakum describes all this in detail in his “Life ...”). All his life, Habakkuk was beaten, kicked, humiliated, in response he read sermons, but more often he prayed and never once took away the hand beating him. He only said: “...that this is not the work of human hands, but the work of the devil.”

The archpriest appeared twice at the Councils: in 1666 and 1667, where he was defrocked and anathematized, then exiled to Pustozersk. There he spent fifteen years in an earthen prison, where he wrote the autobiographical story “The Life of Avvakum, written by himself.” In 1682, together with the prisoners of the Pustozersk prison, by royal decree of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, he was burned alive.

On June 5, 1991, in the village of Grigorovo - in his homeland - a monument to Avvakum (sculptor V.M. Klykov) was unveiled. On December 15, 1993, a church in the name of the holy martyr Avvakum was consecrated in Bolshoye Murashkino.

The Avvakumov readings, which take place once every three years and were held in 2002, 2005, 2008, have already become traditional on Murashkino land. Based on the results of two readings, collections were published. Avvakumov’s readings are held by the Bolshemurashkinsky Historical and Art Museum. It has existed since 1962 (on a voluntary basis). On July 7, 1962, the first Museum Council of seven people was elected. And on September 1, the museum opened its doors to visitors. The founder and first director of the museum was Nikolai Ivanovich Ratanov. From February 1, 1990 to February 28, 1993, the museum was a branch of the Nizhny Novgorod Museum of N.A. Dobrolyubov. On March 1, 1993, the museum became an independent division. Since 1998, the museum has become a municipal cultural institution and a legal entity.

In 1998, the museum, consisting of four museums in the Nizhny Novgorod region, won a grant from the Soros Foundation for the project “Nizhny Novgorod Museum and Merchant Fair. A museum is a merchant, a merchant is a museum, or an attempt to take the best from the past." During the implementation of the project, the museum was replenished with new exhibits and materials related to the merchant class. In 1999, the museum, consisting of three museums in the Nizhny Novgorod region, won a grant for the project “From merchant Nizhny to fabulous Macarius, or a Journey to the origins of the All-Russian Marketplace.” According to the project, a tourist route was developed, which, with some changes, still operates today: “Nizhny Novgorod - Bolshoye Murashkino - Old Believer Church in the name of the Hieromartyr Avvakum - Maloe Murashkino, with a visit to the Edinoverie Church - Grigorovo.”

The museum is located in a two-story merchant mansion, built in 1915, owned by the merchant furriers, the Monev brothers. On the ground floor there is a local history exhibition, on the second - an exhibition hall. The museum's exposition includes the following sections: archaeological, Razin's rebellion, peasant life, church life, Murashkino from the time of B.I. Morozov, Old Believers and Avvakum Petrov, the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), Soviet times (1945-1991) . A separate room is dedicated to the development of fur production and merchants (merchant room). The museum contains collections of clothing from the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods; coins, badges, gramophones, radios, watches, paintings, pre-revolutionary photographs, including many photographs of M. Dmitriev and A. Karelin. The museum houses the largest collection of paintings by the Honored Artist of the RSFSR L.A. Khnygin.

For four years in a row, religious processions have been held on Murashkino land. After the liturgy in Murashkino, believers go to the village of Grigorovo, to the monument to Habakkuk and the cross, which was installed there in 2007. The procession of the cross was led all four times by the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' of the ancient Old Believer Church Cornelius...

In 1730, Bolshoye Murashkino again became a landowner's estate. It was presented to the children of the deceased Wallachian lord Dimitri Cantemir, princes Matvey, Sergei, Antiochus (later a famous writer) and Princess Maria. But in 1745, for some reason, it was taken from the brothers into the treasury. Maria Cantemir's share remained with her and subsequently, by right of inheritance, passed to her brothers.

Another famous owner of Murashkino is Prince Georgy Gruzinsky, who played a certain role in the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the difficult year of 1812. We know this fact from his biography. Since the end of the 18th century, schismatics began to appear in Murashkino, and more and more indigenous residents began to join them. They prayed in the old way, with two fingers, read the old service books, but they obeyed the dominant church and were called co-religionists. So, for the construction of a Edinoverie church in Murashkino, a piece of land was needed, and it had been lying empty for many years. But it was in the use of three owners; two agreed to cede a piece of land that was unnecessary to anyone, and church elder I.I. Shestov (a merchant and mayor) went to Prince Gruzinsky with a petition to cede the place to Lyskovo. When Shestov came to Gruzinsky, the latter did not even want to listen to him, but beat him like a commoner. Having escaped, Shestov went home. When the prince found out who had come to him and why, he ordered to catch up with him and bring him back. Shestov was already halfway home when the messenger caught up with him and, after much persuasion, finally returned. Prince Gruzinsky apologized to Shestov, granted his request and even offered to have lunch with him.

The rest (registered as treasury) part of Murashkino was granted by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna in 1755 to Prince M.A. Beloselsky. In the same year, after his death, it passed to his widow, and later the estate was inherited by their son Alexander Mikhailovich Beloselsky-Belozersky (later envoy to Dresden and Turin). In general, all the owners of Murashkino never lived there; they were all people who lived at court and held high court positions. We know best of all Alexander Nikitich Volkonsky, who allegedly visited Murashkino and even wrote a book about it. Many local historians spoke about this, but they did not see it. And Irina Aleksandrovna Dementyeva, the daughter of our famous fellow countryman, Alexander Grigorievich Dementyev (1904-1986), a Soviet literary critic, one of the authors of textbooks on the Russian language and literature, from which more than one generation of Soviet children studied, told me about this. He was friends with A. Tvardovsky, published a lot in the magazine “New World”. After the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), he began to live in Moscow. He constantly kept in touch with his small homeland, came and helped as much as he could, especially the regional newspaper and museum. I started writing a book about the history of Bolshoi Murashkino, but didn’t finish it. And it was he who had Volkonsky’s book, which he gave to one of the museum workers, which disappeared without a trace.

Speaking about Prince Volkonsky, I cannot help but mention that we have in our museum the manumission certificate issued by the prince to his serfs Serebrennikov in 1859. From serfs, they soon became the largest industrial furriers, and Ivan Semenovich opened the School of Instructors in Murashkino, where they taught leather and fur crafts, and this kind of educational institution was the only one in Russia.

It is a known historical fact that on August 23, 1823, a large fire broke out in Murashkino, which destroyed 700 of the 800 existing houses. There is a legend about the fire. The widow Marfa allegedly lived in Murashkino and allegedly always said that if I married my only son, I would amaze the people. Preparing for the wedding, Martha was making moonshine in the courtyard of her house; it is not known what happened to her, but the fire that started quickly spread, as a result of which almost the entire village burned out, which really surprised the people. And this fire divides the life of Murashkino into two periods: before the fire and after. If before the fire there were no streets, the houses stood somehow, then after the fire streets begin to be built. If before the fire, rich women wore luxurious damask sundresses embroidered with pearls and expensive stones, then after the fire, all this goes for sale and for the restoration of burnt houses and temples.

The first parochial school in Bolshoye Murashkino was opened at the Intercession Church of the United Faith, on the initiative and at the expense of the church trustee, Moscow merchant Ivan Ivanovich Shestov. The task of the school was to impart to the boy the most necessary knowledge: Russian and Slavic reading, writing and arithmetic. But, despite such modest goals, it played a major role in the history of public education in Murashkino, because, in the absence of other schools, all children studied there and the total number of students reached up to 100 people annually. The school had a large library containing up to 2,000 thousand volumes of books (all books were purchased by Shestov). The trustee gave gifts to especially diligent students every year at the end of the school year.

In Murashkino there was a bazaar that took place once a week. In terms of the abundance of goods brought, it was considered one of the best in the province, especially in winter, when so many traders gathered that there was not enough space on the Market Square, and they were located on neighboring streets. There were rows: flour, meat, raw materials (where undressed sheep skins were sold), wood chips, fish, vegetables, horse, etc. The weekly delivery of goods in winter reached up to 250 thousand rubles, and sales - 150 thousand rubles.

The needs of the sick population of three volosts, including Bolshoye Murashkino, were met by one outpatient emergency room, which was located in Murashkino. There was only one paramedic in charge of the room and the reception; there was no doctor. The zemstvo doctor lived in Knyaginino and came in the winter - once a week, in the summer - twice a week. When there was peace, there was a pharmacy where medications were given out free of charge. According to zemstvo reports for 1888, it follows that medicines worth 634 rubles per year were supplied to Murashkinsky rest.

Only with the creation of a construction and administrative commission (in 1898), which included the richest fur merchants, did the matter of improving medical care in the village move forward. And in 1901, Murashkino opened its own hospital with an outpatient clinic, a hospital, a maternity hospital, infectious diseases and therapeutic departments, which continued to function in these premises until 1979.

In 1915, the first women's gymnasium in Knyagiginsky district was opened in Murashkino. At this time, the Murashkino sheepskin and fur industry reached its peak. But the fur merchants were not entirely educated. Behind them were only parochial schools.... The merchants had neither accountants nor bookkeepers. Expenses and receipts were recorded in the business books themselves. But enterprises expanded, trade turnover grew, new connections were strengthened, and complex financial transactions had to be resorted to. There was great competition in the market. Some merchants began to introduce coloring of sheepskins with new chemicals and introduce mechanized processes to replace manual ones. This is where the question arose about the need for further, expanded education.

Among the first to send their sons to study in Nizhny Novgorod at the Real School (of a commercial direction) were the Monev brothers (owners of the house where the museum is located), merchants Shaposhnikov and Danilov. But it was also necessary to educate the daughters. In 1913, merchants and industrialists began to ask the Knyaginin Zemstvo Council to open at least a women's gymnasium in the village of Bolshoye Murashkino at first.

The matter of opening dragged on, and the merchants turned for help to the landowner Prutchenko, who came to his estate in the summer (nowadays Sovetsky, his house on the bank of Sundovik, rebuilt, still stands). Prutchenko was a rich and influential nobleman not only in the Knyagininsky district... In the same year, the zemstvo government nevertheless agreed to the opening of a gymnasium.

In 1914, with funds from industrialists and the zemstvo government, a large two-story wooden house was purchased from one of the princely landowners. It was transported to Murashkino and placed on Staro-Lugovaya Street (an old building of a correctional school, which is no longer there). By the beginning of the school year, the head of the zemstvo government, Bashkirov, and his deputy, Kubarovsky, had selected teaching staff. Kubarovsky's mother was appointed head, teachers: arithmetic A.K. Vladimirskaya, French language A.V. Insarskaya, geography N. Razumovskaya, Russian language A.V. Skvortsova, who graduated from women's courses in Petrograd. The cool ladies were O.D. Zasetskaya and E.A. Svetozarskaya. M. Troitsky was appointed teacher of the law, and deacon of the Tikhvin Church A. Lyubimov was appointed teacher of singing and clerk. The teacher of natural science and drawing was M.G. Kovanov (later, Honored Teacher of the RSFSR).

At the end of August 1915, the grand opening of the gymnasium took place, to which Prutchenko came... in a carriage drawn by three horses, and classes began on September 1. There were four classrooms in the school: two on the second floor and two on the first. There was a small hall. The teacher's room was on the ground floor, and above it was the headmistress's office and office. Here, in one of the large rooms, the boss lived.

In the first year of opening, three classes were enrolled. The children of merchants-industrialists, medium-sized artisans, and a few from among small artisans and workers studied there. Peasant children were not taken to school. Tuition was paid, and students were also required to have their own textbooks and wear uniforms. Classes started at 9 o'clock in the morning. 10 minutes before classes, students were required to gather in the hall every day by bell. Teachers also came there. Students had to read and sing prayers, and then go to their classes.

On September 1, 1917, another class was opened, which was replenished with boys who transferred from the Knyagininsky city school and from the Arzamas gymnasium. After the October Revolution of 1917, the pro-gymnasium ceased to exist, and on its basis, with changes in the program and personnel, a free school was opened for all children.

Many documents indicate that at the end of the 19th century a railway was supposed to pass through Murashkino. It is not clear why this did not happen, but there were rumors that this road was very unprofitable for our merchants (goods and raw materials were becoming cheaper). So, after talking among themselves, they got together, went to Nizhny and gave a bribe to whoever was needed, as a result the road passed through Smagino.

In general, the history of Bolshoi Murashkino is very rich and diverse and we can talk about it for a long time. The merchants left us magnificent monuments of history and culture. These are merchant mansions with magnificent stucco inside, and our task is to preserve all this. But so far we are not very successful at this. All that remains is to believe in better times.

The sun is the source of life on the planet. Its rays provide the necessary light and warmth. At the same time, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is destructive to all living things. To find a compromise between the beneficial and harmful properties of the Sun, meteorologists calculate the ultraviolet radiation index, which characterizes the degree of its danger.

What kind of UV radiation from the sun is there?

The sun's ultraviolet radiation has a wide range and is divided into three regions, two of which reach the Earth.

• UVA Long-wave radiation range

  315–400 nm

  The rays pass almost freely through all atmospheric “barriers” and reach the Earth.

• UV-B. Medium wave range radiation

  280–315 nm

  The rays are 90% absorbed by the ozone layer, carbon dioxide and water vapor.

• UV-C. Shortwave range radiation

  100–280 nm

  The most dangerous area. They are completely absorbed by stratospheric ozone without reaching the Earth.

The more ozone, clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere, the less the harmful effects of the Sun. However, these life-saving factors have a high natural variability. The annual maximum of stratospheric ozone occurs in spring, and the minimum in autumn. Cloudiness is one of the most variable characteristics of weather. The carbon dioxide content also changes all the time.

At what UV index values ​​is there a danger?

The UV index provides an estimate of the amount of UV radiation from the Sun at the Earth's surface. UV index values ​​range from a safe 0 to an extreme 11+.

• 0–2 Low
• 3–5 Moderate
• 6–7 High
• 8–10 Very high
• 11+ Extreme

In mid-latitudes, the UV index approaches unsafe values ​​(6–7) only at the maximum height of the Sun above the horizon (occurs in late June - early July). At the equator, the UV index reaches 9...11+ points throughout the year.

What are the benefits of the sun?

In small doses, UV radiation from the Sun is simply necessary. The sun's rays synthesize melanin, serotonin, and vitamin D, which are necessary for our health, and prevent rickets.

Melanin creates a kind of protective barrier for skin cells from the harmful effects of the Sun. Because of it, our skin darkens and becomes more elastic.

The hormone of happiness serotonin affects our well-being: it improves mood and increases overall vitality.

Vitamin D strengthens the immune system, stabilizes blood pressure and performs anti-rickets functions.

Why is the sun dangerous?

When sunbathing, it is important to understand that the line between the beneficial and harmful Sun is very thin. Excessive tanning always borders on a burn. Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA in skin cells.

The body's defense system cannot cope with such aggressive influence. It lowers immunity, damages the retina, causes skin aging and can lead to cancer.

Ultraviolet light destroys the DNA chain

How the Sun affects people

Sensitivity to UV radiation depends on skin type. People of the European race are the most sensitive to the Sun - for them, protection is required already at index 3, and 6 is considered dangerous.

At the same time, for Indonesians and African Americans this threshold is 6 and 8, respectively.

Who is most influenced by the Sun?

People with fair hair

skin tone

People with many moles

Residents of mid-latitudes during a holiday in the south

Winter lovers

fishing

Skiers and climbers

People with a family history of skin cancer

In what weather is the sun more dangerous?

It is a common misconception that the sun is dangerous only in hot and clear weather. You can also get sunburned in cool, cloudy weather.

Cloudiness, no matter how dense it may be, does not reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation to zero. In mid-latitudes, cloudiness significantly reduces the risk of getting sunburned, which cannot be said about traditional beach holiday destinations. For example, in the tropics, if in sunny weather you can get sunburned in 30 minutes, then in cloudy weather - in a couple of hours.

How to protect yourself from the sun

To protect yourself from harmful rays, follow simple rules:

Spend less time in the sun during midday hours

Wear light-colored clothing, including wide-brimmed hats

Use protective creams

Wear sunglasses

Stay in the shade more on the beach

Which sunscreen to choose

Sunscreens vary in degree of sun protection and are labeled from 2 to 50+. The numbers indicate the proportion of solar radiation that overcomes the protection of the cream and reaches the skin.

For example, when applying a cream labeled 15, only 1/15 (or 7 %) of the ultraviolet rays will penetrate the protective film. In the case of cream 50, only 1/50, or 2 %, affects the skin.

Sunscreen creates a reflective layer on the body. However, it is important to understand that no cream can reflect 100% of ultraviolet radiation.

For everyday use, when the time spent under the Sun does not exceed half an hour, a cream with protection 15 is quite suitable. For tanning on the beach, it is better to take 30 or higher. However, for fair-skinned people it is recommended to use a cream labeled 50+.

How to Apply Sunscreen

The cream should be applied evenly to all exposed skin, including the face, ears and neck. If you plan to sunbathe for a long time, then the cream should be applied twice: 30 minutes before going out and, additionally, before going to the beach.

Please check the cream instructions for the required volume for application.

How to Apply Sunscreen When Swimming

Sunscreen should be applied every time after swimming. Water washes away the protective film and, by reflecting the sun's rays, increases the dose of ultraviolet radiation received. Thus, when swimming, the risk of sunburn increases. However, due to the cooling effect, you may not feel the burn.

Excessive sweating and wiping with a towel are also reasons to re-protect the skin.

It should be remembered that on the beach, even under an umbrella, the shade does not provide complete protection. Sand, water and even grass reflect up to 20% of ultraviolet rays, increasing their impact on the skin.

How to protect your eyes

Sunlight reflected from water, snow or sand can cause painful burns to the retina. To protect your eyes, wear sunglasses with a UV filter.

Danger for skiers and climbers

In the mountains, the atmospheric “filter” is thinner. For every 100 meters of height, the UV index increases by 5 %.

Snow reflects up to 85 % of ultraviolet rays. In addition, up to 80 % of the ultraviolet light reflected by the snow cover is reflected again by clouds.

Thus, in the mountains the Sun is most dangerous. It is necessary to protect your face, lower chin and ears even in cloudy weather.

How to deal with sunburn if you get sunburned

Use a damp sponge to moisten the burn.

Apply anti-burn cream to the burned areas

If your temperature rises, consult your doctor; you may be advised to take an antipyretic

If the burn is severe (the skin swells and blisters greatly), seek medical attention

Excursions in Bolshoye Murashkino from private guides and travel agencies.
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Village of Bolshoye Murashkino located next to the right bank of the Volga, ninety kilometers from Nizhny Novgorod. The settlement is ancient; people lived here many centuries ago. The village was first mentioned in chronicles in 1377, which is considered the year the settlement was founded. In the fourteenth century, there was a border fortress here, built to protect against enemy raids. Already in the 17th century, the village was considered a city, and in 1648. it was transferred into the possession of boyar B.I. Morozov.

Since 1478, leather and sheepskin-fur crafts began to appear in the region; ash for tanning leather was also produced here. By the 20th century, these crafts reached their peak. Now the village of Bolshoye Murashkino is part of the Bolshemurashkinsky district, which was formed in 1929.

Before the October Revolution, there were more than two dozen churches in the village and surrounding area; now there are much fewer of them, and in Bolshoye Murashkino there are only two - the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity and the Church of Habakkuk the Holy Martyr (of the same faith).

The village and its surroundings have a lot of interesting things for tourists; an inbound tourism program is being developed in the area. There are many buildings here that are classified as historical and cultural monuments, and its own local history museum, located in an old mansion.

Video from Bolshoi Murashkino

What interesting things to see in Bolshoye Murashkino?

One of the main attractions of the village of Bolshoye Murashkino is its historical and art museum "Bolshoye Murashkino". It was opened to visitors in 1962. and since then it has been visited by a large number of residents of the village and surrounding settlements. The museum has more than eight thousand exhibits...

Bolshoye Murashkino village: excursions and events

During the review excursions around the village of Bolshoye Murashkino the tourist has the opportunity to see the most interesting buildings of the city, as well as architectural monuments and temples. For example, Svoboda Street is one of the main streets of the village, which is comparable to an open-air exhibition - there are so many architectural achievements of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. There are many stone merchant mansions built in a variety of styles - classicism, eclecticism, modernism, etc.

For example, the house of the merchant Presnyakov, built in 1907. The building is distinguished by magnificent stucco molding in the decorative Art Nouveau style. The house is listed as a cultural heritage site and has been partially restored. Estate D.I. Panysheva, built in the 19th century, is decorated in the style of provincial eclecticism, there are metal shutters on the windows of the first floor, as well as the house of V. Olenichev.

Near Sovetskaya Street there was Bazarnaya Square and several churches. In particular, here you can see the Trinity brick church built in 1805, built in the style of provincial architecture. In the 1930s the temple was closed, it was empty for a long time, then it became a gym. In the 90s, the temple was returned to the church and restored.

History of Bolshoi Murashkino

The history of the village of Bolshoye Murashkino begins in 1377, when the first mention of this settlement was found in archival documents. Murashkino is also on the list of the Nizhny Novgorod chronicler, which can be seen in the Nizhny Novgorod State Museum. In 1377, the village was bought by T.P. Novosiltsev from Nizhny Novgorod...

The climate of the village of Bolshoye Murashkino is similar to the weather conditions of the entire central European part of Russia. There are fairly cold winters with a lot of snow and warm, average summers (on average 75-93 days). In the village of Bolshoye Murashkino, serious seasonal temperature fluctuations were also observed (for example, in winter frosts can reach −30.5ºС and below, and in summer it can be hot - from +30.4ºС and hotter).

Announcements of tourist events

The village of Bolshoye Murashkino: entertainment and active recreation

A large number of entertainment in the village of Bolshoye Murashkino is organized during the celebration of Village Day - in mid-August. Bolshoi Murashkino is more than 630 years old, and when the villagers celebrate the date of its foundation, an Exhibition of flowers, vegetables, furs, concerts, and competitions is held.

From July 10 to July 13, the traditional rock festival ParadOKs takes place in Bolshoye Murashkino (the location changes periodically) on Klyuchik. The format of the event changes over the years - this year it was combined with the Freedom Trophy trophy raid. This event is usually called a "rally", but it is an interesting off-road competition.

Transport features of Bolshoi Murashkino

represented by the bus station on the street. Soviet and Bolshemurashkinsky Motor Transport Enterprise. Buses depart from the bus station that connect the village with Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Dzerzhinsk, Knyaginino, Sergach and other nearby settlements.

If necessary, a taxi in the village of Bolshoye Murashkino can be stopped on the street. However, the village is small in size, and it is quite comfortable to move around on foot.